Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)-EAACI Guidelines—2024–2025 Revision: Part I—Guidelines on Intranasal Treatments

MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

Institute of Allergology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität Zu Berlin Berlin Germany

MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology Berlin Germany

Institute of Allergology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität Zu Berlin Berlin Germany

Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact & Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada

Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH Bethesda Maryland USA

Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences Medical Faculty of Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG Edinburgh UK

ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma) Montpellier France

ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma) Montpellier France

Allergy Unit Málaga Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Malaga University, ARADyAL Malaga Spain

Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group and Allergy and Clinical Immunology Imperial College London London UK

Allergy Center CUF Descobertas Hospital Lisbon Portugal

Department of Biomedical Science Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan Italy

Department of Allergy Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) Madrid Spain

Section of Allergy and Immunology Saint Louis University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

“Respiriamo Insieme” Association, Asthma & Allergy Center Padova Italy

Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery Universitätsmedizin Mainz Mainz Germany

Department of Political Science University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland

RISE‐Health, Department of Medical Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior Covilhã Portugal

Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) Atmospheric Composition Research Helsinki Finland

Allergy Department 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens Athens Greece

MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) Barcelona Spain

Department of Allergy, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Inflammation Center Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

University of Bari Medical School Bari Italy

School of Medicine Universidad de los Andes Bogotá D. C. Colombia

Fundacao ProAR and (Faculdade de Medicina da) Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador Bahia Brazil

Casa di Cura Villa Montallegro Allergology Department Genova Italy

Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Institute of Pulmonology and Tuberculosis Istanbul University‐Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey

Department of Health Sciences University of Florence Florence Italy

Department of Immunology and Allergology Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Lithuania

Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University of Turku, Turku University Hospital Turku Finland

Institute of Clinical Immunology and Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pulmonology and Phthisiology Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Martin Slovakia

Division of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland

Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

Center of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy Médica Sur Clinical Foundation and Hospital México City Mexico

Allergy & Immunology Centre Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

National Center for Research in Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Collaborating With WHO—EMRO Tishreen University School of Medicine Latakia Syria

Japan Antituberculosis Association (JATA) Fukujuji Hospital Tokyo Japan

Department of Respiratory Medicine JSS Medical College, JSSAHER Mysuru Mysore Karnataka India

Departement of Biological Sciences and Pathophysiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria

Section of Rhinology and Allergy, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital Marburg, Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany

Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Pneumologie AP‐HP Centre Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital Cochin Paris France

UBIAir—Clinical & Experimental Lung Centre and CICS‐UBI Health Sciences Research Centre University of Beira Interior Covilhã Portugal

Department of Respiratory Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital‐Hvidovre Copenhagen Denmark

Pediatrics, Allergy & Immunology, Latín American Society of Allergy Asthma & Immunology (SLAAi) Montevideo Uruguay

Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology Unit CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology Pisa Italy

Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Beijing TongRen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology Beijing China

Skin and Allergy Hospital Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

Universidad Espíritu Santo Samborondón Ecuador

Servicio de Alergia e Immunologia Clinica Santa Isabel Buenos Aires Argentina

Global NCD Platform Geneva Switzerland

Department of Pulmonary Diseases Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine Manisa Turkey

Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia

Microbiology Department College of Medicine, Kuwait University Kuwait City Kuwait

Adult Allergy and Immunology Division—Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar

MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

Department of Internal Medicine University of Medicine Tirana Albania

Institute of Allergology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität Zu Berlin Berlin Germany

Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio USA

Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University Augusta Georgia USA

Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI) University of Genoa Genoa Italy

Department of Pediatrics, Medical School Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil

NOVA Medical School/Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC) Lisbon Portugal

Division of Allergy/Immunology University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA

SOS Allergology and Clinical Immunology USL Toscana Centro Prato Italy

Allergy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Rome Italy

Department of Internal Medicine ‘A. Murri’ and Unit of Geriatric Immunoallergology University of Bari Medical School Bari Italy

Faculty of Public Health Sofia Medical University Sofia Bulgaria

Latvian Association of Allergists University Children Hospital Riga Latvia

Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal

CINTESIS@RISE, Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Competence Center on Active and Healthy Ageing University of Porto Porto Portugal

Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology University Hospital “Duilio Casula”, University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy

VIM Suresnes, UMR 0892, Pôle Des Maladies Des Voies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch Université Paris‐Saclay Suresnes France

Medical Faculty Skopje University Clinic of Pulmology and Allergy Skopje Republic of North Macedonia

Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology Unit Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Chiba University Chiba Japan

Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases St Joseph University, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital Beirut Lebanon

Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Kazakhstan Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Kazakh National Medical University Almaty Kazakhstan

Institute of Clinical Medicine Children's Clinic, Tartu University Tartu Estonia

Poltava State Medical University Immunology & Allergology Department Poltava Ukraine

Department of Respiratory Medicine National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital Dhaka Bangladesh

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary

Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases and Allergology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Division of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland

Department of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology, Allergology and Medical Genetics Bogomolets National Medical University Kyiv Ukraine

Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT)‐National Research Council (CNR) Palermo Italy

Croatian Pulmonary Society Clinical Center for Pulmonary Diseases Zagreb Croatia

Asthma, COPD Outpatient Care Unit University Medical Center Hô‐Chi‐Minh City Vietnam

Allergy Unit “D Kalogeromitros”, 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens “Attikon” University Hospital Athens Greece

Clinic for Pulmonary Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade, Serbian Association for Asthma and COPD Belgrade Serbia

Division of Respiratory Disease and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine Dankook University College of Medicine Cheonan Republic of Korea

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Malta Msida Malta

EPIUnit‐Institute of Public Health University of Porto, and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR) Porto Portugal

Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, ENT Department Hospital Clínic Barcelona Spain

Inserm Equipe D'epidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP Villejuif France

Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust London UK

Center of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Santa Fe Argentina

Department of Allergology Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk Poland

ENT Department University Hospital of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo

Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Alfred Health and Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia

Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland

Chiba Rosai Hospital ENT Department Chiba Japan

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain

Department of Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Medicine, “Santa Maria della Speranza” Hospital, Battipaglia Salerno Italy

Department of Pediatrics Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan

Medical School University of Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus

Clinic of Occupational Diseases University Hospital Sveti Ivan Rilski Sofia Bulgaria

IRCCS Humanitas Research Center Personalized Medicine Asthma & Allergy, Rozzano Milan Italy

Department of Allergy Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) Madrid Spain

Department of Pulmonology and Allergology Klaipeda National Hospital Klaipėda Lithuania

Division of Adult and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology University of the Philippines—Philippines General Hospital Manila Philippines

Department of Allergy Clinics Hospital, National University San Lorenzo Paraguay

Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton Southampton UK

Universidad Espíritu Santo Samborondón Ecuador

Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Emek Medical Center Afula Israel

Aria Asthma, Rhinitis, Immunology & Allergy Department Athens Greece

Allergy Service, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz Autonoma University of Madrid, CIBERES‐ISCIII Madrid Spain

PROMISE Department University of Palermo Palermo Italy

Allergy & Asthma Medical Director, CLINICA SISUL, FACAAI, SPAAI Asuncion Paraguay

Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Hospital Nacional de Niños, Universidad de Costa Rica San Jose Costa Rica

Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis University Hospital Brno Czech Republic

Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand

Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Department of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology, Allergology and Medical Genetics Bogomolets National Medical University Kyiv Ukraine

International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG Aberdeen UK

Federal University of Pampa Department of Medicine Uruguaiana Brazil

Department of Lung Diseases and Clinical Immunology University of Turku Turku Finland

FiLHA Finnish Lung Health Association Helsinki Finland

Nova Southeastern University College of Allopathic Medicine Fort Lauderdale Florida USA

Department of Otolaryngology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore Republic of Singapore

Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Allergy and Venerology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

The Allergy and Asthma Institute Allergy & Asthma Department Islamabad Pakistan

University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Pulmonary & Allergy Department Golnik Slovenia

MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

Pulmonary Department Rashid Hospital, DUBAI Health Dubai UAE

Department of Allergy and Immunology Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia Bilbao Spain

Oasi Research Institute‐IRCCS Troina Italy

Department of Dermatology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria

Allergy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Rome Italy

Asthma & Allergy Unit IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano Milan Italy

Department of Allergy and Immunology Para State University Center—CESUPA Belém Brazil

Allergy Department Hospital Clinic and IDIBAPS. Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany

Respiratory Medicine University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera‐Universitaria di Modena Modena Italy

Pediatric Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics University of Verona Verona Italy

Evidence Prime Kraków Poland

Laval University Quebec City Quebec Canada

Department of Pediatric Allergology Armand Trousseau University Hospital, Sorbonne University, AP‐HP Paris France

Department of Medical Sciences University of Turin Turin Italy

Department of Pulmonary Medicine Mainz University Hospital Mainz Germany

Pneumology Department Hospital Universitari Dexeus Barcelona Spain

Clinique Des Bronches, Allergie et Sommeil Hôpital Nord Marseille France

Department of Public Health and Primary Care Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands

Department of Pulmonology and Allergology Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk Poland

Department of Allergology and Otorhinolaryngology The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China

Allergist David Tvildiani Medical University Tbilisi Georgia

University of South Florida College of Médicine, Division of Allergy‐Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine Tampa Florida USA

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology Federal University of Parana Curitiba Brazil

Paediatric Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Amersham Hospital NHS Hospital Trust Amersham UK

Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact & Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada

Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, ENT Department Eskisehir Turkey

Scientific & Medical Department Lofarma S.p.A Milan Italy

MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto Porto Portugal

Woolcock Institute of Medical Research Sydney Australia

Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Vall D'hebron Barcelona Spain

Division of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, High Specialty Hospital ‘A Cardarelli’, and Respiratory Allergy School of Specialization in Respiratory Diseases Federico II University of Naples Naples Italy

Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia

University of Foggia Department of Medical and Surgical Science Foggia Italy

Allergy and Clinical Immunology Centro Regional Hospital Universitario, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon Monterrey Mexico

Allergy Department 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens Athens Greece

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University of Crete, School of Medicine Heraklion Crete Greece

MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

Department of Internal Diseases, Allergology and Clinical Immunology Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Katowice Poland

Pediatrics Department Universidad Austral de Chile Valvidia Chile

Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Asthma, Laboratory of Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine Ege University, EgeSAM (Ege University Translational Pulmonary Research Center) Bornova Izmir Türkiye

Faculty of Health Sciences Catholic University of Salta Salta Argentina

Center of Allergy and Immunology, and Georgian Academy of Allergy Asthma, and Clinical Immunology Tbilisi Georgia

Former President of the Hellenic Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Air Force General Hospital Athens Greece

Riga East University Hospital Riga Latvia

Immunology and Allergy Division, Clinical Hospital University of Chile Santiago Chile

Quality Use of Research Medicines Group Woolcock Institute of Medical Research Macquarie Park New South Wales Australia

Faculty of Health University of Plymouth Plymouth UK

Department of Primary Care and Population Health University of Nicosia Medical School Nicosia Cyprus

Otolaryngology Department General Hospital of Kalamata Kalamata City Greece

Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada

Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden

ORL SOKLIC KOSAK Ljubljana Slovenia

University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik Slovenia

Bagcilar Research and Training Hospital Department of Chest Diseases Istanbul Turkey

Clinical Management Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia

Evidence Prime Kraków Poland

Departmental Unit of Allergology Clinical Immunology & Pneumology, Istituto Ospedaliero Fondazione Poliambulanza Brescia Italy

Department of Public Health University of Liège Liège Belgium

Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital AOU Delle Marche Ancona Italy

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Ankara University Medical School Ankara Turkey

Allergy & Clinical Immunology Department University Hospital Center “Mother Teresa” Tirana Albania

UMF‐University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Carol Davila’, Pneumology Department National Institute of Pneumology ‘Marius Nasta’ Bucharest Romania

Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland

Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA

Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Inflammation Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA

Institute of Allergology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität Zu Berlin Berlin Germany

Department of Infection and Immunity Luxembourg Institute of Health Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg

Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Department of Biomedical Science Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan Italy

Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea

Asthma & Allergy Unit IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano Milan Italy

Otorhinolaryngology and Neck Surgery Unit San Juan de Dios National Hospital San Miguel El Salvador

Allergist Private Practice Mexico City Mexico

Ecole Polytechnique de Palaiseau Palaiseau France

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University of Crete, School of Medicine Heraklion Crete Greece

MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

Department of Medical Sciences University of Turin Turin Italy

Department of Allergology Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk Poland

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Cliniques Universitaires Saint‐Luc Brussels Belgium

Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Eye and Ear University Hospital Beirut Lebanon

Center Allergy & Immunology/Geomedi Teaching University Faculty of Medicine Tbilisi Georgia

Usher Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

Evidence Prime Kraków Poland

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Yamanashi University Yamanashi Japan

Mohammed Bin Rashid University (MBRU) Dubai Health Dubai UAE

Asthma Reference Center—School of Medicine of Santa Casa de Misericórdia of Vitória Espírito Santo Brazil

Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery CHU Rangueil‐Larrey Toulouse France

Allergy Service University Hospital Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago (HU‐UFSC/EBSERH) Florianopolis Brazil

Otolaryngology‐HNS, University of Zurich University Hospital of Zurich Zurich Switzerland

Department of Allergology Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk Poland

Clinic of Allergology and Immunology University Clinical Center of Serbia Belgrade Serbia

Institute of Allergology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität Zu Berlin Berlin Germany

Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical Professorial Unit Tallaght University Hospital & Trinity College Dublin Ireland

Dr Agostinho Neto University Hospital Praia Cabo Verde

MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

Department of Immunology and Allergology University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Pilsen Czech Republic

Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Respiratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Samitivej Allergy Institute Bangkok Thailand

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany

The Chinese University of Hong Kong Department of Medicine and Therapeutics Hong Kong China

ENT and Allergology Düsseldorf Germany

Allergy Department 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens Athens Greece

Institute of Allergology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität Zu Berlin Berlin Germany

The Third Affiliated Hospital of sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China

Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología clínica Hospital Universitario de Puebla Puebla México

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal