Hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health

Henriqueta Louro; Ariane Vettorazzi; Adela López de Cerain; Anastasia Spyropoulou; Anita Solhaug; Anne Straumfors; Anne-Cathrin Behr; Birgit Mertens; Bojana Žegura; Christiane Kruse Fæste; Dieynaba Ndiaye; Eliana Spilioti; Elisabeth Varga; Estelle Dubreil; Eszter Borsos; Francesco Crudo; Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen; Igor Snapkow; Jérôme Henri; Julie Sanders; Kyriaki Machera; Laurent Gaté; Ludovic Le Hegarat; Matjaž Novak; Nicola M. Smith; Solveig Krapf; Sonja Hager; Valérie Fessard; Yvonne Kohl; Maria João Silva; Hubert Dirven; Jessica Dietrich; Doris Marko

doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03636-8

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Title (eng)

Hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health

Author

Henriqueta Louro

Ariane Vettorazzi

Adela López de Cerain

Anastasia Spyropoulou

Anita Solhaug

Anne Straumfors

Anne-Cathrin Behr

Birgit Mertens

Bojana Žegura

Christiane Kruse Fæste

Dieynaba Ndiaye

Eliana Spilioti

Elisabeth Varga

University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna

Estelle Dubreil

Eszter Borsos

Francesco Crudo

Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen

Igor Snapkow

Jérôme Henri

Julie Sanders

Kyriaki Machera

Laurent Gaté

Ludovic Le Hegarat

Matjaž Novak

Nicola M. Smith

Solveig Krapf

Sonja Hager

Valérie Fessard

Yvonne Kohl

Maria João Silva

Hubert Dirven

Jessica Dietrich

Doris Marko

Abstract (eng)

Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous plant pathogens and saprophytes which are able to grow under varying temperature and moisture conditions as well as on a large range of substrates. A spectrum of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with toxic potential has been identified, but occurrence and relative proportion of the different metabolites in complex mixtures depend on strain, substrate, and growth conditions. This review compiles the available knowledge on hazard identification and characterization of Alternaria toxins. Alternariol (AOH), its monomethylether AME and the perylene quinones altertoxin I (ATX-I), ATX-II, ATX-III, alterperylenol (ALP), and stemphyltoxin III (STTX-III) showed in vitro genotoxic and mutagenic properties. Of all identified Alternaria toxins, the epoxide-bearing analogs ATX-II, ATX-III, and STTX-III show the highest cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potential in vitro. Under hormone-sensitive conditions, AOH and AME act as moderate xenoestrogens, but in silico modeling predicts further Alternaria toxins as potential estrogenic factors. Recent studies indicate also an immunosuppressive role of AOH and ATX-II; however, no data are available for the majority of Alternaria toxins. Overall, hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins focused, so far, primarily on the commercially available dibenzo-α-pyrones AOH and AME and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Limited data sets are available for altersetin (ALS), altenuene (ALT), and tentoxin (TEN). The occurrence and toxicological relevance of perylene quinone-based Alternaria toxins still remain to be fully elucidated. We identified data gaps on hazard identification and characterization crucial to improve risk assessment of Alternaria mycotoxins for consumers and occupationally exposed workers.

Keywords (eng)

HumansperyleneAlternaria MetabolismMycotoxinstoxicity AnalysisMutagenstoxicity MetabolismLactonestoxicity MetabolismRisk AssessmentFood Contamination Analysis

Type (eng)

journal article

Language

[eng]

Persistent identifier

https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:4248

DOI

10.1007/s00204-023-03636-8

Is in series

Title (eng)

Archives of Toxicology

Volume