https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:4248 Hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health Louro, Henriqueta Henriqueta Louro Vettorazzi, Ariane Ariane Vettorazzi López de Cerain, Adela Adela López de Cerain Spyropoulou, Anastasia Anastasia Spyropoulou Solhaug, Anita Anita Solhaug Straumfors, Anne Anne Straumfors Behr, Anne-Cathrin Anne-Cathrin Behr Mertens, Birgit Birgit Mertens Žegura, Bojana Bojana Žegura Kruse Fæste, Christiane Christiane Kruse Fæste Ndiaye, Dieynaba Dieynaba Ndiaye Spilioti, Eliana Eliana Spilioti Varga, Elisabeth Elisabeth Varga 0000-0001-6046-3259 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Dubreil, Estelle Estelle Dubreil Borsos, Eszter Eszter Borsos Crudo, Francesco Francesco Crudo Sundstøl Eriksen, Gunnar Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen Snapkow, Igor Igor Snapkow Henri, Jérôme Jérôme Henri Sanders, Julie Julie Sanders Machera, Kyriaki Kyriaki Machera Gaté, Laurent Laurent Gaté Le Hegarat, Ludovic Ludovic Le Hegarat Novak, Matjaž Matjaž Novak Smith, Nicola M. Nicola M. Smith Krapf, Solveig Solveig Krapf Hager, Sonja Sonja Hager Fessard, Valérie Valérie Fessard Kohl, Yvonne Yvonne Kohl João Silva, Maria Maria João Silva Dirven, Hubert Hubert Dirven Dietrich, Jessica Jessica Dietrich Marko, Doris Doris Marko Springer journal article open access eng Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous plant pathogens and saprophytes which are able to grow under varying temperature and moisture conditions as well as on a large range of substrates. A spectrum of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with toxic potential has been identified, but occurrence and relative proportion of the different metabolites in complex mixtures depend on strain, substrate, and growth conditions. This review compiles the available knowledge on hazard identification and characterization of Alternaria toxins. Alternariol (AOH), its monomethylether AME and the perylene quinones altertoxin I (ATX-I), ATX-II, ATX-III, alterperylenol (ALP), and stemphyltoxin III (STTX-III) showed in vitro genotoxic and mutagenic properties. Of all identified Alternaria toxins, the epoxide-bearing analogs ATX-II, ATX-III, and STTX-III show the highest cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potential in vitro. Under hormone-sensitive conditions, AOH and AME act as moderate xenoestrogens, but in silico modeling predicts further Alternaria toxins as potential estrogenic factors. Recent studies indicate also an immunosuppressive role of AOH and ATX-II; however, no data are available for the majority of Alternaria toxins. Overall, hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins focused, so far, primarily on the commercially available dibenzo-α-pyrones AOH and AME and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Limited data sets are available for altersetin (ALS), altenuene (ALT), and tentoxin (TEN). The occurrence and toxicological relevance of perylene quinone-based Alternaria toxins still remain to be fully elucidated. We identified data gaps on hazard identification and characterization crucial to improve risk assessment of Alternaria mycotoxins for consumers and occupationally exposed workers. Humans perylene Alternaria Metabolism Mycotoxinstoxicity Analysis Mutagenstoxicity Metabolism Lactonestoxicity Metabolism Risk Assessment Food Contamination Analysis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:4248/download 10.1007/s00204-023-03636-8 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:605 application/pdf Archives of Toxicology issn:1432-0738 VoR Archives of Toxicology 92 2 3.18 MB 2024