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<lom:catalog>phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at</lom:catalog>

  
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<lom:langstring xml:lang="x-none">o:5619</lom:langstring>

  
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<lom:identifier>
  
<lom:catalog>DOI</lom:catalog>

  
<lom:entry>
  
<lom:langstring xml:lang="x-none">10.20517/evcna.2026.26</lom:langstring>

  
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</lom:identifier>

  
<lom:title>
  
<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">Extracellular vesicles as indicators of environmental stress response in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</lom:langstring>

  
</lom:title>

  
<lom:description>
  
<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">Aim: To determine how exposure to bile influences the production, physicochemical properties, and molecular composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) NCIMB 8826.

Methods: L. plantarum cultures were incubated with and without a physiologically relevant cocnentartion of bile. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation followed by size-exclusion concentration (SEC) and characterized per Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles guidelines. Assessments included purity [protein and peptidoglycan (PGN) content], particle size distribution, zeta potential (ZP), lipid profiling, stability assays under varying pH, ionic strength (NaCl) and detergent challenge, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and proteomic analysis were performed. Comparisons were made between purified EVs and parent bacterial cells, and between EVs from bile-exposed and control conditions.

Results: SEC markedly reduced copurifying proteins and PGNs, improving EV compositional purity. Purified L. plantarum EVs (LpEVs) displayed surface lipid profiles and ZP that were distinct from parent cells and maintained stability across a range of pH values, elevated NaCl, and low detergent concentrations. Bile exposure induced release of larger LpEVs enriched in proteins involved in bile metabolism. FTIR detected bile-induced molecular changes in LpEVs that differed from alterations observed in whole bacterial cells.

Conclusion: L. plantarum modulates EV size and cargo in response to bile stress, producing stable, compositionally distinct vesicles enriched in bile salt hydrolase. These findings indicate that bacterial EVs act as dynamic responders to environmental stress and may mediate early host–microbe communication prior to detectable cellular changes.</lom:langstring>

  
</lom:description>

  
<lom:language>eng</lom:language>

  
<lom:keyword>
  
<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">EVs</lom:langstring>

  
</lom:keyword>

  
<lom:keyword>
  
<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">probiotics</lom:langstring>

  
</lom:keyword>

  
<lom:keyword>
  
<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">stress</lom:langstring>

  
</lom:keyword>

  
<lom:keyword>
  
<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">gut environment</lom:langstring>

  
</lom:keyword>

  
<lom:keyword>
  
<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">bacterial communication</lom:langstring>

  
</lom:keyword>

  
<lom:keyword>
  
<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy</lom:langstring>

  
</lom:keyword>

  
<lom:keyword>
  
<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">ultracentrifugation</lom:langstring>

  
</lom:keyword>

  
</lom:general>

  
<lom:lifecycle>
  
<lom:datetime>2026-10-21T07:44:54.092Z</lom:datetime>

  
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<lom:langstring xml:lang="x-none">LOMv1.0</lom:langstring>

  
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<lom:value>
  
<lom:langstring xml:lang="x-none">Author</lom:langstring>

  
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<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Razim;Agnieszka;
FN:Agnieszka Razim
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5471-7013
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Laimer-Digruber;Astrid;
FN:Astrid Laimer-Digruber
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8809-2530
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Schmid;Anna M.;
FN:Anna M. Schmid
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6432-7009
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Edelbacher;Tanja V.;
FN:Tanja V. Edelbacher
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6640-0346
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Paschall;Magdalena E.;
FN:Magdalena E. Paschall
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Weinmayer;Tamara;
FN:Tamara Weinmayer
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6223-8083
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
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N:Thaler;Michael;
FN:Michael Thaler
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3080-7525
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
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<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Kebreab;Rim;
FN:Rim Kebreab
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
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<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Skalska;Magdalena E.;
FN:Magdalena E. Skalska
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0069-0550
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Migdał;Paweł;
FN:Paweł Migdał
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2615-9760
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Morandi;Mattia;
FN:Mattia Morandi
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8467-4552
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
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N:Daniel;Catherine;
FN:Catherine Daniel
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END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
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VERSION:3.0
N:Srutkova;Dagmar;
FN:Dagmar Srutkova
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</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
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N:Schwarzer;Martin;
FN:Martin Schwarzer
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1401-6578
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</lom:centity>

  
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<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Hrdy;Jiri;
FN:Jiri Hrdy
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0612-4509
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</lom:centity>

  
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N:Ehling-Schulz;Monika;
FN:Monika Ehling-Schulz
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7384-0594
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
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<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Górska;Sabina;
FN:Sabina Górska
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3206-0695
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
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<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Inic-Kanada;Aleksandra;
FN:Aleksandra Inic-Kanada
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-3812
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Wiedermann;Ursula;
FN:Ursula Wiedermann
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1302-3223
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
</lom:centity>

  
<lom:centity>
  
<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Schabussova;Irma;
FN:Irma Schabussova
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2109-2640
END:VCARD</lom:vcard>

  
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<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">Text</lom:langstring>

  
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<lom:source>
  
<lom:langstring xml:lang="x-none">LOMv1.0</lom:langstring>

  
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<lom:langstring xml:lang="x-none">yes</lom:langstring>

  
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