https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:5425 Animal rationality through higher-order reasons Niederl, Martin Martin Niederl 0009-0000-2617-9000 Virányi, Zsófia Zsófia Virányi 0000-0003-3963-8426 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna. Messerli Research Institute of Human Animal Interactions Oxford University Press journal article open access eng Melis and Monsó have recently argued that non-human animals are capable of reflectively responding to normative reasons. They argue for this via animals’ capacity to respond to undermining epistemic defeaters. Although we are ultimately sympathetic to this idea, the present article develops a principled methodological challenge to the empirical evidence they cite to corroborate their claims. What we call the Acquisition Problem shows that the studies that Melis and Monsó cite cannot provide differential support for the hypothesis that animals reflectively respond to reasons. We close by suggesting two possible ways forward that evade our challenge, while remaining true to the spirit of Melis and Monsó’s proposal. First, future studies could aim to model testimony of undermining defeaters in social learning. Second, and even more promisingly, we should focus on the broader phenomenon that Melis and Monsó’s proposal points towards, namely, animals’ responsiveness to higher-order reasons. Rationality Non-human Animals Animal Agency Higher-order Reasons Animal Reason Comparative Psychology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:5425/download 10.1093/pq/pqag008 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:605 application/pdf The Philosophical Quarterly issn:0031-8094 VoR The Philosophical Quarterly 76 2 328.18 kB 2026