phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at o:5425 DOI 10.1093/pq/pqag008 Animal rationality through higher-order reasons Melis and Monsó have recently argued that non-human animals are capable of reflectively responding to normative reasons. They argue for this via animals’ capacity to respond to undermining epistemic defeaters. Although we are ultimately sympathetic to this idea, the present article develops a principled methodological challenge to the empirical evidence they cite to corroborate their claims. What we call the Acquisition Problem shows that the studies that Melis and Monsó cite cannot provide differential support for the hypothesis that animals reflectively respond to reasons. We close by suggesting two possible ways forward that evade our challenge, while remaining true to the spirit of Melis and Monsó’s proposal. First, future studies could aim to model testimony of undermining defeaters in social learning. Second, and even more promisingly, we should focus on the broader phenomenon that Melis and Monsó’s proposal points towards, namely, animals’ responsiveness to higher-order reasons. eng Rationality Non-human Animals Animal Agency Higher-order Reasons Animal Reason Comparative Psychology 2026-08-18T10:16:10.212Z LOMv1.0 Author BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Niederl;Martin; FN:Martin Niederl X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2617-9000 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Virányi;Zsófia; FN:Zsófia Virányi X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3963-8426 END:VCARD https://w3id.org/kim/hcrt/scheme https://w3id.org/kim/hcrt/text Textdokument Text LOMv1.0 yes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 application/pdf 336054 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:5425 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:5425/thumbnail LOMv1.0 discipline