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They argue for this via animals’ capacity to respond to undermining epistemic defeaters. Although we are ultimately sympathetic to this idea, the present article develops a principled methodological challenge to the empirical evidence they cite to corroborate their claims. What we call the Acquisition Problem shows that the studies that Melis and Monsó cite cannot provide differential support for the hypothesis that animals reflectively respond to reasons. We close by suggesting two possible ways forward that evade our challenge, while remaining true to the spirit of Melis and Monsó’s proposal. First, future studies could aim to model testimony of undermining defeaters in social learning. Second, and even more promisingly, we should focus on the broader phenomenon that Melis and Monsó’s proposal points towards, namely, animals’ responsiveness to higher-order reasons."}]}],"bf:provisionActivity":[{"@type":"bf:Publication","bf:agent":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"Oxford University Press"}]}]}],"dce:rights":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"© The Author(s) 2026"}],"dce:subject":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Rationality"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Non-human Animals"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Animal Agency"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Higher-order Reasons"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Animal Reason"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Comparative Psychology"}]}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Animal rationality through higher-order reasons"}]}],"dcterms:accessRights":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/QW5R-NG4J"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"open access"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Open Access"}]}],"dcterms:issued":["2026"],"dcterms:language":["eng"],"dcterms:type":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/69ZZ-2KGX"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Documento PDF"}]}],"ebucore:filename":["pqag008.pdf"],"ebucore:hasMimeType":["application\/pdf"],"edm:hasType":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/VKA6-9XTY"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"journal article"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Wissenschaftlicher Artikel"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Articolo scientifico"}]}],"edm:rights":["http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"],"oaire:version":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/PMR8-3C8D"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"version of record (published version)"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Versione editoriale\/Version of Record"}]}],"rdam:P30004":[{"@type":"ids:doi","@value":"10.1093\/pq\/pqag008"}],"rdau:P60193":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","bibo:issue":[{"@value":"2"}],"bibo:volume":[{"@value":"76"}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"The Philosophical Quarterly"}]}],"dcterms:issued":["2026"],"ids:issn":["0031-8094"]}],"rdax:P00009":[{"@type":"aiiso:Division","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vetmeduni-org\/N0QW-NY2D"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Messerli Forschungsinstitut für Mensch-Tier-Beziehung"},{"@language":"eng","@value":"Messerli Research Institute of Human Animal Interactions"}]}],"role:aut":[{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Niederl"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Martin"}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:orcid","@value":"0009-0000-2617-9000"}]},{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:affiliation":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Messerli Forschungsinstitut für Mensch-Tier-Beziehung"},{"@language":"eng","@value":"Messerli Research Institute of Human Animal Interactions"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vetmeduni-org\/N0QW-NY2D"]}],"schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Virányi"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Zsófia"}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:orcid","@value":"0000-0003-3963-8426"}]}],"schema:numberOfPages":["10"]}