Ahmed Al Boug Ahmed Al Boug Zaffar R. Mir Zaffar R. Mir Sharif Jbour Sharif Jbour Vincent van der Merwe Vincent van der Merwe Abdullah Al Salem Abdullah Al Salem Abdulmani H. Al-Qahtani Abdulmani H. Al-Qahtani Saleh Al A’amri Saleh Al A’amri Zuhair Amr Zuhair Amr Francesco Maria Angelici Francesco Maria Angelici Francesco Maria Galassi Francesco Maria Galassi Elena Varotto Elena Varotto Mohammed F. Albeshr Mohammed F. Albeshr Talal Al Shamari Talal Al Shamari Khalaf Al Shamari Khalaf Al Shamari Mohammed Al Mutairi Mohammed Al Mutairi Pamela A. Burger Pamela A. Burger Stefan Prost Stefan Prost Carlos M. Duarte Carlos M. Duarte Springer 2026 Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) have experienced a steep population decline globally, extirpated from 91% of their historical range, including Saudi Arabia. Information about cheetahs’ historic range remains scarce throughout much of its former habitat. A serendipitous discovery of seven naturally mummified cheetahs in several caves along with skeletal remains of 54 cheetahs, and their putative prey, in Saudi Arabia provided a valuable opportunity to elucidate the evolutionary history of cheetahs in their former range. We applied paleochronological dating to establish temporal context, genomic sequencing to infer subspecies present during different time periods, and radiographic analysis to determine age classes. The mummified cheetahs showed 14C calibrated ages dated 4223 ± 40 years BP to 127 ± 40 years BP. Full genome sequences of the mummified cheetahs showed that only the youngest individual clustered with A. j. venaticus while the older samples clustered with the West-African cheetah (A. j. hecki). We conclude that rewilding of cheetahs in Arabia can be sourced from the closest subspecies of the discovered cheetahs. Our results highlight the important role caves may play as repositories of ancient biodiversity informing, in the absence of benchmarks rewilding efforts. PDFDocument eng 2026-07-13T08:42:30.997464786Z 2026 Ecological Genetics Ecology Evolutionary Ecology Palaeontology 1142734 b application/pdf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/