Emmanuel Irimaso Emmanuel Irimaso Valens Hagenimana Valens Hagenimana Emmanuel Nzabamwita Emmanuel Nzabamwita Michael Blümlinger Michael Blümlinger Otto W. Fischer Otto W. Fischer Lukas Schwarz Lukas Schwarz Michael P. Szostak Michael P. Szostak Olga Makarova Olga Makarova Adriana Cabal Rosel Adriana Cabal Rosel Werner Ruppitsch Werner Ruppitsch Elke Müller Elke Müller Andrea T. Feßler Andrea T. Feßler Sascha D. Braun Sascha D. Braun Stefan Schwarz Stefan Schwarz Stefan Monecke Stefan Monecke Ralf Ehricht Ralf Ehricht Suzana Tkalcic Suzana Tkalcic Christophe Ntakirutimana Christophe Ntakirutimana Joachim Spergser Joachim Spergser Doris Verhovsek Doris Verhovsek Igor Loncaric Igor Loncaric MDPI 2026 This pilot study investigated the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC-R) Enterobacterales in conventionally kept domestic pigs and their environment across four districts in Rwanda. A total of 114 swabs (nasal, rectal, manure, dust) from 29 farms were collected and processed to isolate resistant bacteria. Thirty-two 3GC-R Enterobacterales were detected. Escherichia coli predominantly harboring blaCTX-M group 1 β-lactamase genes, alongside Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, all displaying extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotypes. Four MRSA isolates, all belonging to clonal complex 398 and SCCmec type IV, the typical livestock MRSA, were recovered from nasal and environmental samples. Multidrug resistance was frequently observed. The co-occurrence of β-lactamase genes, non-β-lactam resistance genes, and virulence factors such as fimH and loci associated with extraintestinal pathogenic and enteropathogenic E. coli. The detection of both MRSA and 3GC-R Enterobacterales in the present study indicates pigs and their farm environments as reservoirs of WHO priority pathogens in Rwanda, highlighting a potential public health risk in the context of extensive human–animal–environment interaction. These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated One Health surveillance and comprehensive AMR control strategies addressing both animal and environmental reservoirs to support Rwanda’s National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. PDFDocument eng 2026-07-09T07:58:10.822290487Z 2026 Staphylococcus Aureus E. Coli Klebsiella Pneumoniae Enterobacterales MRSA ESBL Porcine One Health Approach Antimicrobial Resistance 411885 b application/pdf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/