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Yet, it has also been suggested that males face life-history tradeoffs between investing into primary versus secondary sexual traits, predicting negative correlations (Sexual Allocation Tradeoff Hypothesis). These two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive when males’ sexual traits are condition-dependent and high-quality males are better able to invest into both pre- and post-copulatory traits than low-quality males. To test these hypotheses, we manipulated the genetic quality of wild-derived male house mice by experimental inbreeding and first tested whether inbreeding affects primary or secondary sexual traits (condition-dependent expression). We then tested whether pre- and post-copulatory traits are correlated. We recorded courtship behavior and vocalizations of the males during female contact and measured males’ reproductive organs, sperm quality, and the expression of four genes associated with spermatogenesis."}]}],"bf:provisionActivity":[{"@type":"bf:Publication","bf:agent":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"Biomed Central"}]}]}],"dce:rights":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Copyright © 2025, The Author(s)"}],"dce:subject":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Sexual Signals"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Inbreeding Depression"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Allocation Tradeoffs"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Ultrasonic Vocalizations"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Sperm Traits"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Wild House Mice"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Mus Musculus Musculus"}]}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Pre- and post-copulatory traits are affected by experimental inbreeding, but they are not correlated"}]}],"dcterms:accessRights":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/QW5R-NG4J"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"open access"}]}],"dcterms:issued":["2025"],"dcterms:language":["eng"],"dcterms:type":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/69ZZ-2KGX"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Testo"}]}],"ebucore:filename":["s12915-025-02245-4.pdf"],"ebucore:hasMimeType":["application\/pdf"],"edm:hasType":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/VKA6-9XTY"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"journal article"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Wissenschaftlicher Artikel"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Articolo di rivista"}]}],"edm:rights":["http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"],"oaire:version":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/PMR8-3C8D"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"version of record (published version)"}]}],"rdam:P30004":[{"@type":"ids:doi","@value":"10.1186\/s12915-025-02245-4"}],"rdau:P60193":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","bibo:issue":[{"@value":"1"}],"bibo:volume":[{"@value":"23"}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"BMC Biology"}]}],"dcterms:issued":["2025"],"ids:issn":["1741-7007"]}],"role:aut":[{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:affiliation":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/ror.org\/01w6qp003"]}],"schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Nicolakis"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Doris"}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:orcid","@value":"0000-0002-0478-4995"}]},{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:affiliation":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/ror.org\/01w6qp003"]}],"schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Marconi"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Maria Adelaide"}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:orcid","@value":"0000-0003-3429-7415"}]},{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:affiliation":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/ror.org\/01w6qp003"]}],"schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Auer"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Kerstin E."}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:orcid","@value":"0000-0002-6399-1388"}]},{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:affiliation":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/ror.org\/01w6qp003"]}],"schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Penn"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Dustin J."}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:orcid","@value":"0000-0002-5406-8065"}]},{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:affiliation":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/ror.org\/01w6qp003"]}],"schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Zala"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Sarah M."}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:orcid","@value":"0000-0002-0698-5299"}]}],"schema:numberOfPages":["18"]}