University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Mechanistic insight into the pseudouridylation of RNA Pseudouridylation (Ψ) is a highly abundant and conserved RNA modification that is present in all three domains of life. The incorporation of Ψ can affect the stability of RNAs, modulate their interaction patterns, and regulate many other aspects of RNA biology. Ψ are introduced by a structurally highly related enzyme family, called pseudouridine synthases (PUS). Each PUS enzyme targets distinct RNA substrates and target sites. Dysregulation of PUS enzymes has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, mitochondrial diseases and cancer. These clinical consequences highlight the ultimate need to understand how these enzymes catalyze their modification reactions and achieve target selectivity as well as specificity. In this review, we summarize the currently available structural information on PUS enzymes and highlight the most recent progress in understanding some underlying mechanistic principles. Furthermore, we illustrate the increasing therapeutic applications related to the so-called 5th RNA base. https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:4844 en TEXT journal article Wissenschaftlicher Artikel Articolo di rivista Text journal article Text Wissenschaftlicher Artikel Testo Articolo di rivista Pseudouridine tRNA RNA Modification Pseudouridine Synthase Cryo-electron Microscopy Crystallography Neurodegenerative Disease Cancer 2025 2025 Ting-Yu Lin Yasmin Stone Sebastian Glatt Taylor & Francis