Continent-wide differentiation of fitness traits and patterns of climate adaptation among European populations of Drosophila melanogaster application/pdf eng Phenotypic Variation Fitness Traits Population Differentiation Adaption D. Melanogaster Europe Esra Durmaz Mitchell Envel Kerdaffrec Ewan Harney Tania F. Paulo Marija Veselinovic Marija Tanaskovic Venera Tyukmaeva Teresa Abaurrea Fernandez de Arcaya Cansu Aksoy Eliza Argyridou T. Bailly Dogus Can Ezgi Cobanoglu Nicola Cook Seda Coskun Slobodan Davidović Ekin Demir Tania Dias Somayeh Rasouli-Dogaheh Pedro Duque Katarina Eric Pavle Erić Priscilla Erickson Filip Filipovski Bettina Fishman Amanda Glaser-Schmitt August Goldfischer Llewellyn Green Sonia Janillon Mihailo Jelic Hristina Kostic Lucas E. Kreiman Natacha Kremer Manolis Lyrakis Oleksandr Maistrenko Sapho-Lou Marti Megan Mcgunnigle Miriam Merenciano Mario S. Mira Vincent Montbel Laurence Mouton Dmitry Mukha Siddharth Murali Aleksandra Patenković Oleksandra Protsenko Florencia A. Putero Micael Reis Natalia V. Roshina Olga Rybina Mads Schou Thibault Schowing Senel Selin Senkal Svitlana Serga Virginie Trieu Alexander Symonenko Mikhail Trostnikov Evgenia A. Tsybul'ko Joost van den Heuvel David van Waarde Ekaterina Veselkina Cristina Vieira Xiaocui Wang Jelle Zandveld Jessica Abbott Jean-Christophe Billeter Herve Colinet Mehregan Ebrahimi Patricia Gibert Jan Hrček Maaria Kankare Iryna Kozeretska Volker Loeschcke Julian Mensch Banu Onder John Parsch Elena Pasyukova Marina Stamenkovic-Radak Eran Tauber Cristina Vieira Christian Wegener Katja M. Hoedjes Bas Zwaan Andrea Betancourt Claudia Fricke Sonja Grath Nico Posnien Jorge Vieira Martin Kapun Christian Schlötterer Paul Schmidt Élio Sucena Josefa Gonzalez Alan O Bergland Michael Ritchie Thomas Flatt Testo Articolo di rivista Text journal article A particularly well-studied evolutionary model is the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, a cosmopolitan insect of ancestral southern-central African origin. Recent work suggests that it expanded out of Africa ∼9,000 years ago, and spread from the Middle East into Europe ∼1,800 years ago. During its global expansion, this human commensal adapted to novel climate zones and habitats. Despite much work on phenotypic differentiation and adaptation on several continents (especially North America and Australia), typically in the context of latitudinal clines, little is known about phenotypic divergence among European populations. Here, we sought to provide a continent-wide study of phenotypic differentiation among European populations of D. melanogaster. In a consortium-wide phenomics effort, we assayed 16 fitness-related traits on a panel of 173 isofemale lines from 9 European populations, with the majority of traits measured by several groups using semi-standardized protocols. For most fitness-related traits, we found significant differentiation among populations on a continental scale. Despite inevitable differences in assay conditions among labs, the reproducibility and hence robustness of our measurements were overall remarkably good. Several fitness components (e.g., viability, development time) exhibited significant latitudinal or longitudinal clines, and populations differed markedly in multivariate trait structure. Notably, populations experiencing higher humidity/rainfall and lower maximum temperature showed higher viability, fertility, starvation resistance, and lifespan at the expense of lower heat-shock survival, suggesting a pattern of local adaptation. Our results indicate that derived populations of this tropical fly have been shaped by pervasive spatially varying multivariate selection and adaptation to different climates on the European continent. Oxford University Press Text Wissenschaftlicher Artikel http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Copyright © 2025, © The Author(s) 2025. open access doi:10.1093/evlett/qraf014 2025 Evolution Letters https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:4588