Esra Durmaz Mitchell Esra Durmaz Mitchell Envel Kerdaffrec Envel Kerdaffrec Ewan Harney Ewan Harney Tania F. Paulo Tania F. Paulo Marija Veselinovic Marija Veselinovic Marija Tanaskovic Marija Tanaskovic Venera Tyukmaeva Venera Tyukmaeva Teresa Abaurrea Fernandez de Arcaya Teresa Abaurrea Fernandez de Arcaya Cansu Aksoy Cansu Aksoy Eliza Argyridou Eliza Argyridou T. Bailly T. Bailly Dogus Can Dogus Can Ezgi Cobanoglu Ezgi Cobanoglu Nicola Cook Nicola Cook Seda Coskun Seda Coskun Slobodan Davidović Slobodan Davidović Ekin Demir Ekin Demir Tania Dias Tania Dias Somayeh Rasouli-Dogaheh Somayeh Rasouli-Dogaheh Pedro Duque Pedro Duque Katarina Eric Katarina Eric Pavle Erić Pavle Erić Priscilla Erickson Priscilla Erickson Filip Filipovski Filip Filipovski Bettina Fishman Bettina Fishman Amanda Glaser-Schmitt Amanda Glaser-Schmitt August Goldfischer August Goldfischer Llewellyn Green Llewellyn Green Sonia Janillon Sonia Janillon Mihailo Jelic Mihailo Jelic Hristina Kostic Hristina Kostic Lucas E. Kreiman Lucas E. Kreiman Natacha Kremer Natacha Kremer Manolis Lyrakis Manolis Lyrakis Oleksandr Maistrenko Oleksandr Maistrenko Sapho-Lou Marti Sapho-Lou Marti Megan Mcgunnigle Megan Mcgunnigle Miriam Merenciano Miriam Merenciano Mario S. Mira Mario S. Mira Vincent Montbel Vincent Montbel Laurence Mouton Laurence Mouton Dmitry Mukha Dmitry Mukha Siddharth Murali Siddharth Murali Aleksandra Patenković Aleksandra Patenković Oleksandra Protsenko Oleksandra Protsenko Florencia A. Putero Florencia A. Putero Micael Reis Micael Reis Natalia V. Roshina Natalia V. Roshina Olga Rybina Olga Rybina Mads Schou Mads Schou Thibault Schowing Thibault Schowing Senel Selin Senkal Senel Selin Senkal Svitlana Serga Svitlana Serga Virginie Trieu Virginie Trieu Alexander Symonenko Alexander Symonenko Mikhail Trostnikov Mikhail Trostnikov Evgenia A. Tsybul'ko Evgenia A. Tsybul'ko Joost van den Heuvel Joost van den Heuvel David van Waarde David van Waarde Ekaterina Veselkina Ekaterina Veselkina Cristina Vieira Cristina Vieira Xiaocui Wang Xiaocui Wang Jelle Zandveld Jelle Zandveld Jessica Abbott Jessica Abbott Jean-Christophe Billeter Jean-Christophe Billeter Herve Colinet Herve Colinet Mehregan Ebrahimi Mehregan Ebrahimi Patricia Gibert Patricia Gibert Jan Hrček Jan Hrček Maaria Kankare Maaria Kankare Iryna Kozeretska Iryna Kozeretska Volker Loeschcke Volker Loeschcke Julian Mensch Julian Mensch Banu Onder Banu Onder John Parsch John Parsch Elena Pasyukova Elena Pasyukova Marina Stamenkovic-Radak Marina Stamenkovic-Radak Eran Tauber Eran Tauber Cristina Vieira Cristina Vieira Christian Wegener Christian Wegener Katja M. Hoedjes Katja M. Hoedjes Bas Zwaan Bas Zwaan Andrea Betancourt Andrea Betancourt Claudia Fricke Claudia Fricke Sonja Grath Sonja Grath Nico Posnien Nico Posnien Jorge Vieira Jorge Vieira Martin Kapun Martin Kapun Christian Schlötterer Christian Schlötterer Paul Schmidt Paul Schmidt Élio Sucena Élio Sucena Josefa Gonzalez Josefa Gonzalez Alan O Bergland Alan O Bergland Michael Ritchie Michael Ritchie Thomas Flatt Thomas Flatt Oxford University Press 2025 A particularly well-studied evolutionary model is the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, a cosmopolitan insect of ancestral southern-central African origin. Recent work suggests that it expanded out of Africa ∼9,000 years ago, and spread from the Middle East into Europe ∼1,800 years ago. During its global expansion, this human commensal adapted to novel climate zones and habitats. Despite much work on phenotypic differentiation and adaptation on several continents (especially North America and Australia), typically in the context of latitudinal clines, little is known about phenotypic divergence among European populations. Here, we sought to provide a continent-wide study of phenotypic differentiation among European populations of D. melanogaster. In a consortium-wide phenomics effort, we assayed 16 fitness-related traits on a panel of 173 isofemale lines from 9 European populations, with the majority of traits measured by several groups using semi-standardized protocols. For most fitness-related traits, we found significant differentiation among populations on a continental scale. Despite inevitable differences in assay conditions among labs, the reproducibility and hence robustness of our measurements were overall remarkably good. Several fitness components (e.g., viability, development time) exhibited significant latitudinal or longitudinal clines, and populations differed markedly in multivariate trait structure. Notably, populations experiencing higher humidity/rainfall and lower maximum temperature showed higher viability, fertility, starvation resistance, and lifespan at the expense of lower heat-shock survival, suggesting a pattern of local adaptation. Our results indicate that derived populations of this tropical fly have been shaped by pervasive spatially varying multivariate selection and adaptation to different climates on the European continent. PDFDocument eng 2025-11-21T09:24:45.874147Z 2025 Phenotypic Variation Fitness Traits Population Differentiation Adaption D. Melanogaster Europe 3085424 b application/pdf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/