{"@context":{"aiiso":"http:\/\/purl.org\/vocab\/aiiso\/schema#","arm":"https:\/\/ld4p.github.io\/arm\/core\/ontology\/0.1\/","bf":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/ontologies\/bibframe\/","bib":"https:\/\/bibliotek-o.org\/","bibo":"http:\/\/purl.org\/ontology\/bibo\/","cito":"http:\/\/purl.org\/spar\/cito\/","classSchemes":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/classSchemes","dbo":"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/ontology\/","dce":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/","dcmitype":"http:\/\/dublincore.org\/documents\/2000\/07\/11\/dcmi-type-vocabulary\/#","dcterms":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/","ebucore":"http:\/\/www.ebu.ch\/metadata\/ontologies\/ebucore\/ebucore#","edm":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/","foaf":"http:\/\/xmlns.com\/foaf\/0.1\/","frap":"http:\/\/purl.org\/cerif\/frapo\/","identifiers":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers\/","ids":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers\/","oaire":"http:\/\/namespace.openaire.eu\/schema\/oaire\/","oefos2012":"https:\/\/vocabs.acdh.oeaw.ac.at\/oefosdisciplines\/","opaque":"http:\/\/opaquenamespace.org\/","pcdm":"http:\/\/pcdm.org\/models#","phaidra":"https:\/\/phaidra.org\/ontology\/","rdam":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/m\/","rdau":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/u\/","rdax":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/x\/","rdf":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/02\/22-rdf-syntax-ns#","rdfs":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/01\/rdf-schema#","relators":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators\/","role":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators\/","role:aut":{"@container":"@list","@id":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators\/aut"},"schema":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","skos":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2004\/02\/skos\/core#","skosxl":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2008\/05\/skos-xl#","vra":"http:\/\/purl.org\/vra\/"},"@id":"https:\/\/phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at\/o:4571","bf:note":[{"@type":"bf:Note","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Dataset used for the paper\n\nRivas-Blanco D, Pohl I-M, Dale R, Heberlein MTE and Range F (2020) Wolves and Dogs May Rely on Non-numerical Cues in Quantity Discrimination Tasks When Given the Choice. Front. Psychol. 11:573317. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.573317"}]},{"@type":"bf:Note","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"The dataset has 6 sheets (\"Dogs - Phase 1\", \"Dogs - Phase 2\", \"Dogs - Control Phase\", \"Wolves - Phase 1\", \"Wolves - Phase 2\", \"Wolves - Control Phase\"), responding to the phases of the experiment through which the individuals of both species went through. All sheets share the same structure, save for the \"Control Phase\" sheets, that add an extra column. Each row represents a testing trial (training trials were not included). The columns, from left to right, are as follows: Individual (name of the subject), Sex (\"f\" or \"m\"), Group (1: trained to choose the stimulus with the larger amount of dots, 2: trained to choose the stimulus with the smallest amount of dots), Touch screen experience (0: no prior experience, 1: prior experience) Level (level of difficulty within the task: 1-6 for Phase 1, 7-12 for Phase 2, \"Control\" for the Control Phase), Trial (number of trial, in absolute terms, that the subject has performed, including training trials —for animals for which data prior to a given trial is missing, the subsequent trials will lack a value within this columnthis column), Session number (within subject and level) Date (dd\/mm\/yyyy format), Correct_choice (which of the two stimuli was correct for the animal —either \"small_amount\" or \"big_amount\"), Type of control (only for the Control Phase sheets, \"size: size control\", \"shape: shape control\", \"no\" normal training trial), Choice (1: correct, 0: incorrect; since the control trials had neither correct nor incorrect choices, for them, the text used in this column describes the type of stimulus chosen —triangle\/star for the shape control and big\/small for the size control) Type of trial (\"probe\": probe trial, \"rewarded\": rewarded trial, \"after\": rewarded trial after a probe trial) Correct side (\"Left\" or \"Right\"), Ratio (number of dots in the stimulus with the smallest amount divided by the number of dots in the stimulus with the largest amount, rounded to the second decimal), Correct number of dots (number of dots in the correct stimulus), Wrong number of dots (number of dots in the incorrect stimulus), Pair of numbers (combination of the smallest and largest stimulus, separated by a colon —\":\") Combination of stimuli (combination of stimuli presented in both sides of the screen, separated by an underscore —\"_\"—; see \"Stimulus correct side\" for more details), Stimulus correct side (\"BiggestCircle\": stimulus with the largest dot, \"Smallest Circle\": stimulus with the smallest dot, \"Random\": stimulus with dots of random sizes, \"Cumulated\": stimulus with dots relatively close to each other, \"Triangle\": triangle-like shape for the shape control, \"Star\": star-like shape for the shape control, \"Big\": dots of larger size for the size control, \"Small\": dots of smaller size for the size control), Stimulus left side (see \"Stimulus correct side\"), Stimulus right side (see \"Stimulus correct side\"), Rewarded (whether the animals got a reward —\"rewarded\"— or not —\"unrewarded\")."}]}],"dce:subject":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"wolves"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"dogs"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"numerical competence"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Weber's law"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"quantity discrimination"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"non-numerical information"}]}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Dataset used for the paper \"Wolves and Dogs May Rely on Non-numerical Cues in Quantity Discrimination Tasks When Given the Choice\""}]}],"dcterms:language":["eng"],"dcterms:type":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/7AVS-Y482"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Data"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Daten"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Dati"}]}],"ebucore:filename":["quantity_discrimination_wolves_dogs.XLSX"],"ebucore:hasMimeType":["application\/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet"],"edm:hasType":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/KW6N-2VTP"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"dataset"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Dataset"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Dataset"}]}],"edm:rights":["http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"],"frapo:isOutputOf":[{"@type":"foaf:Project","frapo:hasEndDate":["2022-06-30"],"frapo:hasFundingAgency":[{"@type":"frapo:FundingAgency","skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:doi","@value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13039\/501100002428"}],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"FWF Austrian Science Fund"}]}],"frapo:hasStartDate":["2018-07-01"],"rdfs:comment":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Compared to the rest of the animal kingdom, human large-scale cooperation is exceptional and considered to be at the origin of our unusual cognition, technology and culture. One aspect that might make cooperation outside our immediate social group possible is likely that humans recognize not just the gains to be made from cooperation over years, but that they understand the roles of their partners and can flexibly adjust their own behavior by assessing the impact of the other partys actions on their outcomes. While many non-human species reach functionally cooperative outcomes, only if we elucidate the extent to which they can recognize each others roles can we assess what exactly is or is not unique about human cooperation and start to understand the decisions animals make in cooperative interactions. In recent years, researchers have used economic games to investigate the decision-making processes in humans to test when they are willing to cooperate or rather defect depending on various factors. Such studies have provided an enormous insight into our cooperative interactions and in the last years, researchers have also started to test monkey in similar set-ups. However, in most of these studies it is still unclear in how far the animals decisions are indeed based on an understanding of the partners role. We will break new ground by testing canines, wolves and dogs, to explore exactly that question using similar methods. While wolves and dogs cooperate with each other and also with humans, differences between the two species exist. A better understanding of their decision making processes will help us to 1) better understand these differences and 2) to elucidate the evolutionary origin of such skills. We have competing predictions based on two hypotheses for the origins of canine social skills. If dogs have been selected for increased cooperation during domestication, we expect dogs to outperform similarly raised wolves in their understanding of cooperative decision making processes. Alternatively, if their skills are due to their social-ecology, we predict that wolves will be more cooperative and attentive (at least towards conspecifics) than dogs, predicting a higher propensity for wolves as compared to dogs to understand the role of a partner in economic games. In a new collaboration (Priv. Doz. Dr. Range and Prof. Dr. Brosnan), we will test animals at the Clever Dog Lab and the Wolf Science Center. We will explore if they do, or do not, take their partners actions into account when making decisions in a cooperative assurance game and test the hypothesis outlined above by comparing the canines flexibility and success depending on the strategy played by their partner."}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:doi","@value":"10.55776\/P30704"}],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Animals’ understanding of the partner’s role in cooperation"}]}],"rdam:P30004":[{"@type":"ids:doi","@value":"10.34876\/tmpj-jr52"}],"role:aut":[{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Rivas-Blanco"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Dániel"}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:orcid","@value":"0000-0002-3759-7192"}]}]}