University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 Bce in Eurasia Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 bce, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 bce, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 bce and earlier. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 bce, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines. en TEXT journal article Wissenschaftlicher Artikel Articolo di rivista Text Wissenschaftlicher Artikel Text journal article Testo Articolo di rivista Archaeology Evolutionary Genetics Population Genetics 2024 2024 Pablo Librado Gaetan Tressieres Lorelei Chauvey Antoine Fages Naveed Khan Stephanie Schiavinato L. Calviere-Tonasso Mariya Kusliy Charleen Gaunitz Xuexue Liu Stefanie Wagner Clio Der Sarkissian Andaine Seguin-Orlando Aude Perdereau Jean-Marc Aury John Southon B. Shapiro Olivier Bouchez Cecile Donnadieu Y. Collin Kristian Murphy Gregersen Mads Dengso Jessen Kirsten Christensen Lone Claudi-Hansen Melanie Pruvost Erich Pucher Hrvoje Vulic Mario Novak Andrea Rimpf Peter Turk Simone B. C. F. Reiter Gottfired Brem Christoph Schwall Eric Barrey Celine Robert Christophe Degueurce Liora Kolska Horwitz Lutz Klassen Uffe Rasmussen Jacob Kveiborg Niels N. Johannsen Daniel Makowiecki Przemyslaw Makarowicz Marcin Szeliga Vasyl Ilchyshyn V. Rud Jan Romaniszyn Victoria E. Mullin Marta Verdugo Daniel Bradley Joao Luis Cardoso Maria Valente Miguel Telles Antunes Carly Ameen Richard Thomas Arne Ludwig Matilde Marzullo Ornella Prato Giovanna Bagnasco Umberto Tecchiati J. Granado. Angela Schlumbaum Sabine Deschler-Erb Monika Schernig Mraz, Nicolas Boulbes Armelle Gardeisen Christian Mayer Hans-Juergen Doehle Magdolna Vicze Pavel Kosintsev Rene Kysely Lubomir Peske Terry O'Connor Elina Ananyevskaya Shevnina Irina Andrey Logvin Alexey A. Kovalev Tumur-Ochir Iderkhangai Sablin Mikhail Dashkovskiy Petr Alexander Graphodatsky Ilja Merts Viktor Merts Aleksei Kasparov Vladimir Pitulko Vedat Onar Aliye Oztan Benjamin Arbuckle Hugh McColl Gabriel Renaud Ruslan Khaskhanov Demidenko Sergej Anna Kadieva Biyaslan Atabiev M. Sundqvist Gabriella Lindgren Francisco López-Cachero Silvia Albizuri Tajana Trbojevic Vukicevic Anita Rapan Papesa Marcel Buric Petra Rajic Sikanjic J. Weinstock David Asensio Vilaro Ferran Codina Cristina Garcia Dalmau Jordi Morer de Llorens J. Pou Gabriel De Prado Joan Sanmartí Nabil Kallala Joan Ramon Torres Boutheina Maraoui-Telmini Maria Carmen Casamayor Franco Silvia Valenzuela-Lamas Antoine Zazzo Sebastien Lepetz Sylvie Duchesne Anatoly Alexeev Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan Jean-Luc Houle Noost Bayarkhuu Turbat Tsagaan Eric Crubezy Irina Shingiray Marjan Mashkour Natalia Berezina Dmitriy S. Korobov Andrey Belinskiy Andrey Belinskiy Jean-Paul Demoule Sabine Reinhold S. Hansen Barbara Wallner Наталья Рослякова Pavel Kuznetsov Alexey Tishkin Patrick Wincker Katherine Kanne Alan Outram Ludovic Orlando Nature Publishing Group