Pablo Librado Pablo Librado Gaetan Tressieres Gaetan Tressieres Lorelei Chauvey Lorelei Chauvey Antoine Fages Antoine Fages Naveed Khan Naveed Khan Stephanie Schiavinato Stephanie Schiavinato L. Calviere-Tonasso L. Calviere-Tonasso Mariya Kusliy Mariya Kusliy Charleen Gaunitz Charleen Gaunitz Xuexue Liu Xuexue Liu Stefanie Wagner Stefanie Wagner Clio Der Sarkissian Clio Der Sarkissian Andaine Seguin-Orlando Andaine Seguin-Orlando Aude Perdereau Aude Perdereau Jean-Marc Aury Jean-Marc Aury John Southon John Southon B. Shapiro B. Shapiro Olivier Bouchez Olivier Bouchez Cecile Donnadieu Cecile Donnadieu Y. Collin Y. Collin Kristian Murphy Gregersen Kristian Murphy Gregersen Mads Dengso Jessen Mads Dengso Jessen Kirsten Christensen Kirsten Christensen Lone Claudi-Hansen Lone Claudi-Hansen Melanie Pruvost Melanie Pruvost Erich Pucher Erich Pucher Hrvoje Vulic Hrvoje Vulic Mario Novak Mario Novak Andrea Rimpf Andrea Rimpf Peter Turk Peter Turk Simone B. C. F. Reiter Simone B. C. F. Reiter Gottfired Brem Gottfired Brem Christoph Schwall Christoph Schwall Eric Barrey Eric Barrey Celine Robert Celine Robert Christophe Degueurce Christophe Degueurce Liora Kolska Horwitz Liora Kolska Horwitz Lutz Klassen Lutz Klassen Uffe Rasmussen Uffe Rasmussen Jacob Kveiborg Jacob Kveiborg Niels N. Johannsen Niels N. Johannsen Daniel Makowiecki Daniel Makowiecki Przemyslaw Makarowicz Przemyslaw Makarowicz Marcin Szeliga Marcin Szeliga Vasyl Ilchyshyn Vasyl Ilchyshyn V. Rud V. Rud Jan Romaniszyn Jan Romaniszyn Victoria E. Mullin Victoria E. Mullin Marta Verdugo Marta Verdugo Daniel Bradley Daniel Bradley Joao Luis Cardoso Joao Luis Cardoso Maria Valente Maria Valente Miguel Telles Antunes Miguel Telles Antunes Carly Ameen Carly Ameen Richard Thomas Richard Thomas Arne Ludwig Arne Ludwig Matilde Marzullo Matilde Marzullo Ornella Prato Ornella Prato Giovanna Bagnasco Giovanna Bagnasco Umberto Tecchiati Umberto Tecchiati J. Granado. J. Granado. Angela Schlumbaum Angela Schlumbaum Sabine Deschler-Erb Sabine Deschler-Erb Monika Schernig Mraz, Monika Schernig Mraz, Nicolas Boulbes Nicolas Boulbes Armelle Gardeisen Armelle Gardeisen Christian Mayer Christian Mayer Hans-Juergen Doehle Hans-Juergen Doehle Magdolna Vicze Magdolna Vicze Pavel Kosintsev Pavel Kosintsev Rene Kysely Rene Kysely Lubomir Peske Lubomir Peske Terry O'Connor Terry O'Connor Elina Ananyevskaya Elina Ananyevskaya Shevnina Irina Shevnina Irina Andrey Logvin Andrey Logvin Alexey A. Kovalev Alexey A. Kovalev Tumur-Ochir Iderkhangai Tumur-Ochir Iderkhangai Sablin Mikhail Sablin Mikhail Dashkovskiy Petr Dashkovskiy Petr Alexander Graphodatsky Alexander Graphodatsky Ilja Merts Ilja Merts Viktor Merts Viktor Merts Aleksei Kasparov Aleksei Kasparov Vladimir Pitulko Vladimir Pitulko Vedat Onar Vedat Onar Aliye Oztan Aliye Oztan Benjamin Arbuckle Benjamin Arbuckle Hugh McColl Hugh McColl Gabriel Renaud Gabriel Renaud Ruslan Khaskhanov Ruslan Khaskhanov Demidenko Sergej Demidenko Sergej Anna Kadieva Anna Kadieva Biyaslan Atabiev Biyaslan Atabiev M. Sundqvist M. Sundqvist Gabriella Lindgren Gabriella Lindgren Francisco López-Cachero Francisco López-Cachero Silvia Albizuri Silvia Albizuri Tajana Trbojevic Vukicevic Tajana Trbojevic Vukicevic Anita Rapan Papesa Anita Rapan Papesa Marcel Buric Marcel Buric Petra Rajic Sikanjic Petra Rajic Sikanjic J. Weinstock J. Weinstock David Asensio Vilaro David Asensio Vilaro Ferran Codina Ferran Codina Cristina Garcia Dalmau Cristina Garcia Dalmau Jordi Morer de Llorens Jordi Morer de Llorens J. Pou J. Pou Gabriel De Prado Gabriel De Prado Joan Sanmartí Joan Sanmartí Nabil Kallala Nabil Kallala Joan Ramon Torres Joan Ramon Torres Boutheina Maraoui-Telmini Boutheina Maraoui-Telmini Maria Carmen Casamayor Franco Maria Carmen Casamayor Franco Silvia Valenzuela-Lamas Silvia Valenzuela-Lamas Antoine Zazzo Antoine Zazzo Sebastien Lepetz Sebastien Lepetz Sylvie Duchesne Sylvie Duchesne Anatoly Alexeev Anatoly Alexeev Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan Jean-Luc Houle Jean-Luc Houle Noost Bayarkhuu Noost Bayarkhuu Turbat Tsagaan Turbat Tsagaan Eric Crubezy Eric Crubezy Irina Shingiray Irina Shingiray Marjan Mashkour Marjan Mashkour Natalia Berezina Natalia Berezina Dmitriy S. Korobov Dmitriy S. Korobov Andrey Belinskiy Andrey Belinskiy Andrey Belinskiy Andrey Belinskiy Jean-Paul Demoule Jean-Paul Demoule Sabine Reinhold Sabine Reinhold S. Hansen S. Hansen Barbara Wallner Barbara Wallner Наталья Рослякова Наталья Рослякова Pavel Kuznetsov Pavel Kuznetsov Alexey Tishkin Alexey Tishkin Patrick Wincker Patrick Wincker Katherine Kanne Katherine Kanne Alan Outram Alan Outram Ludovic Orlando Ludovic Orlando Nature Publishing Group 2024 Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 bce, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 bce, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 bce and earlier. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 bce, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines. PDFDocument eng 2025-10-06T13:41:15.101506Z 2024 Archaeology Evolutionary Genetics Population Genetics 17848409 b application/pdf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/