Silvia Leonetti Silvia Leonetti Giulia Cimarelli Giulia Cimarelli Taylor A. Hersh Taylor A. Hersh Andrea Ravignani Andrea Ravignani Royal Society of London 2024 Tail wagging is a conspicuous behaviour in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Despite how much meaning humans attribute to this display, its quantitative description and evolutionary history are rarely studied. We summarize what is known about the mechanism, ontogeny, function and evolution of this behaviour. We suggest two hypotheses to explain its increased occurrence and frequency in dogs compared to other canids. During the domestication process, enhanced rhythmic tail wagging behaviour could have (i) arisen as a by-product of selection for other traits, such as docility and tameness, or (ii) been directly selected by humans, due to our proclivity for rhythmic stimuli. We invite testing of these hypotheses through neurobiological and ethological experiments, which will shed light on one of the most readily observed yet understudied animal behaviours. Targeted tail wagging research can be a window into both canine ethology and the evolutionary history of characteristic human traits, such as our ability to perceive and produce rhythmic behaviours. PDFDocument eng 2025-07-18T09:19:29.249959Z 2024 Dogs Animals Humans Tail Canidae Behavior, Animal Social Behavior Domestication 324056 b application/pdf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/