https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:4123 Methods to assess on-farm biosecurity in Europe and beyond Duarte, Fernando Fernando Duarte Tamminen, Lena-Mari Lena-Mari Tamminen Kjosevski, Miroslav Miroslav Kjosevski Ciaravino, Giovanna Giovanna Ciaravino Delpont, Mattias Mattias Delpont Correia-Gomes, Carla Carla Correia-Gomes van den Borne, Bart H. P. Bart H. P. van den Borne Chantziaras, Ilias Ilias Chantziaras Alarcón, Laura Valeria Laura Valeria Alarcón Svennesen, Line Line Svennesen Toppari, Ina Ina Toppari Piccirillo, Alessandra Alessandra Piccirillo Gecaj, Rreze M. Rreze M. Gecaj Zbikowski, Artur Artur Zbikowski Nunes, Telmo Telmo Nunes Prodanov-Radulovic, Jasna Jasna Prodanov-Radulovic De Nardi, Marco Marco De Nardi Nedosekov, Vitalii Vitalii Nedosekov Desvars-Larrive, Amelie Amelie Desvars-Larrive 0000-0001-7671-696X University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Allepuz, Alberto Alberto Allepuz Elsevier journal article open access eng The aim of this study was to identify which biosecurity assessment methods (BAMs) are currently used in practice in animal farms. To address this, a structured questionnaire was developed to gather information such as the animal species, main objectives, type of enforcement, output generated and feedback of the result. In the context of the BETTER Cost Action project, country representatives identified in each of their countries which BAMs were used and completed an online survey. The survey was prepared and translated in 23 languages. Besides a descriptive analysis, clusters of BAMs were determined using a multiple correspondence analysis. Responses, collected between December 2022 and July 2023, included 74 BAMs used in 28 countries. Most of them were used in a single country while three were used in multiple countries. This study provides a comprehensive picture of existing BAMs and insights into their diversity, such as variations in objectives, implementation, evaluators, respondents, feedback, or assessment outputs. Moreover, we identified four BAMs clusters differentiated by their objective, evaluator and type of feedback provided. This study might also represent the basis for future research on strengths and weaknesses of different BAMs. Animals Europe Surveys and Questionnaires Biosecurity Animal Husbandry Methods Livestock Farms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:4123/download 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106486 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:605 application/pdf Preventive Veterinary Medicine issn:1873-1716 VoR Preventive Veterinary Medicine 239 1.03 MB 2025