University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Methods to assess on-farm biosecurity in Europe and beyond The aim of this study was to identify which biosecurity assessment methods (BAMs) are currently used in practice in animal farms. To address this, a structured questionnaire was developed to gather information such as the animal species, main objectives, type of enforcement, output generated and feedback of the result. In the context of the BETTER Cost Action project, country representatives identified in each of their countries which BAMs were used and completed an online survey. The survey was prepared and translated in 23 languages. Besides a descriptive analysis, clusters of BAMs were determined using a multiple correspondence analysis. Responses, collected between December 2022 and July 2023, included 74 BAMs used in 28 countries. Most of them were used in a single country while three were used in multiple countries. This study provides a comprehensive picture of existing BAMs and insights into their diversity, such as variations in objectives, implementation, evaluators, respondents, feedback, or assessment outputs. Moreover, we identified four BAMs clusters differentiated by their objective, evaluator and type of feedback provided. This study might also represent the basis for future research on strengths and weaknesses of different BAMs. en TEXT journal article Wissenschaftlicher Artikel Articolo di rivista Text Wissenschaftlicher Artikel Testo Articolo di rivista Text journal article Animals Europe Surveys and Questionnaires Biosecurity Animal Husbandry Methods Livestock Farms 2025 2025 Fernando Duarte Lena-Mari Tamminen Miroslav Kjosevski Giovanna Ciaravino Mattias Delpont Carla Correia-Gomes Bart H. P. van den Borne Ilias Chantziaras Laura Valeria Alarcón Line Svennesen Ina Toppari Alessandra Piccirillo Rreze M. Gecaj Artur Zbikowski Telmo Nunes Jasna Prodanov-Radulovic Marco De Nardi Vitalii Nedosekov Amelie Desvars-Larrive Alberto Allepuz Elsevier