https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:4065 The proteomic landscape of Toxoplasma gondii extracellular vesicles across diverse host cell types Cruz-Bustos, Teresa Teresa Cruz-Bustos 0000-0002-6976-4354 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Feix, Anna Sophia Anna Sophia Feix 0000-0001-5068-2546 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Hummel, Karin Karin Hummel 0000-0001-5833-6832 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Schlosser, Sarah Sarah Schlosser University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Razzazi-Fazeli, Ebrahim Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli 0000-0002-3343-0301 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Joachim, Anja Anja Joachim 0000-0003-3082-6885 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Fronteirs Media Sa journal article open access eng Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as powerful tools used by pathogens to manipulate host cells, delivering molecular cargo that rewires cellular processes and the immune response. Toxoplasma gondii, a globally distributed parasite capable of infecting nearly all nucleated animal cells, uses this strategy to thrive in diverse host species and tissue environments. Here, we reveal the adaptability of T. gondii EVs through proteomic analysis of vesicles released from tachyzoites cultured in four different host cell types: human fibroblasts, green monkey kidney epithelial cells, mouse myoblasts and porcine intestinal epithelial cells.A core set of 1,244 proteins was consistently identified across TgEVs, defining a conserved signature. Beyond this conserved cargo, host-cell specific variation revealed how T. gondii fine-tunes EV content to exploit different cellular environments. Functional enrichment analyses revealed roles for TgEVs in targeting host protein synthesis and stress response pathways, with implications for immune evasion and infection spread.These findings provide insight into the potential role of EVs in host-pathogen interactions and help us understand the adaptive strategies used by T. gondii to survive and spread. Toxoplasma Metabolism Extracellular Vesicles Metabolism Animals Humans Mice Proteomics Swine Chlorocebus Aethiops Host-Pathogen Interactions Fibroblasts Parasitology Fibroblasts Metabolism Epithelial Cells Parasitology Epithelial Cells Metabolism Cell Line Toxoplasmosis Metabolism Toxoplasmosis Parasitology Host-Parasite Interactions Proteome http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:4065/download 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1565684 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:605 application/pdf Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology issn:2235-2988 VoR Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 15 11.86 MB 2025