phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at o:4065 DOI 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1565684 The proteomic landscape of Toxoplasma gondii extracellular vesicles across diverse host cell types Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as powerful tools used by pathogens to manipulate host cells, delivering molecular cargo that rewires cellular processes and the immune response. Toxoplasma gondii, a globally distributed parasite capable of infecting nearly all nucleated animal cells, uses this strategy to thrive in diverse host species and tissue environments. Here, we reveal the adaptability of T. gondii EVs through proteomic analysis of vesicles released from tachyzoites cultured in four different host cell types: human fibroblasts, green monkey kidney epithelial cells, mouse myoblasts and porcine intestinal epithelial cells.A core set of 1,244 proteins was consistently identified across TgEVs, defining a conserved signature. Beyond this conserved cargo, host-cell specific variation revealed how T. gondii fine-tunes EV content to exploit different cellular environments. Functional enrichment analyses revealed roles for TgEVs in targeting host protein synthesis and stress response pathways, with implications for immune evasion and infection spread.These findings provide insight into the potential role of EVs in host-pathogen interactions and help us understand the adaptive strategies used by T. gondii to survive and spread. eng Toxoplasma Metabolism Extracellular Vesicles Metabolism Animals Humans Mice Proteomics Swine Chlorocebus Aethiops Host-Pathogen Interactions Fibroblasts Parasitology Fibroblasts Metabolism Epithelial Cells Parasitology Epithelial Cells Metabolism Cell Line Toxoplasmosis Metabolism Toxoplasmosis Parasitology Host-Parasite Interactions Proteome 2025-04-17T08:19:58.366Z LOMv1.0 Author BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Cruz-Bustos;Teresa; FN:Teresa Cruz-Bustos X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6976-4354 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Feix;Anna Sophia; FN:Anna Sophia Feix X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5068-2546 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Hummel;Karin; FN:Karin Hummel X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5833-6832 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Schlosser;Sarah; FN:Sarah Schlosser END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Razzazi-Fazeli;Ebrahim; FN:Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3343-0301 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Joachim;Anja; FN:Anja Joachim X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3082-6885 END:VCARD https://w3id.org/kim/hcrt/scheme https://w3id.org/kim/hcrt/text Textdokument Text LOMv1.0 yes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 application/pdf 12440120 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:4065 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:4065/thumbnail LOMv1.0 discipline