<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:rights xml:lang="eng">Copyright © 2025 The Authors</dc:rights>
  <dc:rights xml:lang="eng">open access</dc:rights>
  <dc:description xml:lang="eng">Alternaria mycotoxins may pose significant risks to human health due to their diverse spectrum of adverse effects and frequent occurrences in food. A previous study demonstrated the immunosuppressive, antiestrogenic, and genotoxic potential of a complex Alternaria mycotoxin extract (CE). The present study aimed to elucidate specific Alternaria mycotoxins or combinations thereof responsible for toxicity. Following toxicity-guided fractionation of the CE, a multiparametric panel of assays was applied to assess different endpoints. These included immunomodulatory effects (NF-?B reporter gene assay in THP1-Lucia™ monocytes), estrogenicity/antiestrogenicity (alkaline phosphatase assay in Ishikawa cells) and genotoxicity (?H2AX and alkaline comet assays in HepG2 cells). LC-MS/MS analysis revealed prominent mycotoxins in the active fractions, with altersetin (AST) identified as a novel key compound exhibiting immunoinhibitory (?2 ?M) and antiestrogenic (?5 ?M) properties in vitro. Additionally, while specific mycotoxin combinations explained the toxicity of active fractions, some effects remained unexplained, suggesting the presence of unidentified bioactive substances. This study underscores the significance of AST and specific toxin mixtures as major contributors to CE toxicity. Further, it highlights the importance of considering combinatory effects in risk assessment of Alternaria mycotoxins as well as further investigation of unknown Alternaria metabolites, which may pose additional health risks.</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:publisher>Elsevier</dc:publisher>
  <dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</dc:rights>
  <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
  <dc:title xml:lang="eng">Resolving complexity: identification of altersetin and toxin mixtures responsible for the immunomodulatory, antiestrogenic and genotoxic potential of a complex Alternaria mycotoxin extract</dc:title>
  <dc:type xml:lang="deu">Text</dc:type>
  <dc:type xml:lang="deu">Wissenschaftlicher Artikel</dc:type>
  <dc:type xml:lang="eng">Text</dc:type>
  <dc:type xml:lang="eng">journal article</dc:type>
  <dc:date>2025</dc:date>
  <dc:type xml:lang="ita">Testo</dc:type>
  <dc:type xml:lang="ita">Articolo di rivista</dc:type>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">Alternaria</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">Humans</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">Mycotoxins Toxicity</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">Tandem Mass Spectrometry</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">Hep G2 Cells</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">Immunologic Factors Toxicity</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">Immunologic Factors Pharmacology</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">Estrogen Antagonists Toxicity</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">Estrogen Antagonists Pharmacology</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">DNA Damage Drug Effects</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">Comet Assay</dc:subject>
  <dc:source xml:lang="eng">Food and Chemical Toxicology</dc:source>
  <dc:identifier>doi:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115315</dc:identifier>
  <dc:creator>Vanessa Partsch</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Francesco Crudo</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Daniel Piller</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Elisabeth Varga</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Giorgia Del Favero</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Doris Marko</dc:creator>
  <dc:identifier>https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:4028</dc:identifier>
</oai_dc:dc>