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<datacite:title xml:lang="en">Toward a common interpretation of the 3Rs principles in animal research</datacite:title>

  
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<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Lauwereyns, Jan</datacite:creatorName>

  
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<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Wilflingseder, Doris</datacite:creatorName>

  
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<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Ahluwalia, Arti</datacite:creatorName>

  
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<dc:publisher>Nature Portfolio</dc:publisher>

  
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<dc:language>eng</dc:language>

  
<dc:description xml:lang="en">Many scientific breakthroughs have depended on animal research, yet the ethical concerns surrounding the use of animals in experimentation have long prompted discussions about humane treatment and responsible scientific practice. First articulated by Russell and Burch, the 3Rs Principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement have gained widespread recognition as basic guidelines for animal research. Over time, the 3Rs have transcended the research community, influencing policy decisions, animal welfare advocacy and public perception of animal experimentation. Despite their broad acceptance, interpretations of the 3Rs vary substantially, shaping statutory frameworks at various levels, with both technical and practical impacts.</dc:description>

  
<datacite:subjects>
  
<datacite:subject xml:lang="en">Ethics</datacite:subject>

  
<datacite:subject xml:lang="en">Lab life</datacite:subject>

  
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<licenseCondition uri="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</licenseCondition>

  
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<datacite:alternateIdentifier alternateIdentifierType="DOI">10.1038/s41684-024-01476-2</datacite:alternateIdentifier>

  
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<datacite:relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="URL" relationType="IsPartOf">https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:605</datacite:relatedIdentifier>

  
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<dc:source xml:lang="en">Lab Animal</dc:source>

  
<dc:source>issn:1548-4475</dc:source>

  
<version uri="http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85">VoR</version>

  
<citationTitle>Lab Animal</citationTitle>

  
<citationVolume>53</citationVolume>

  
<citationIssue>12</citationIssue>

  
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<datacite:dates>
  
<datacite:date dateType="Issued">2024</datacite:date>

  
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