Jan Lauwereyns Jan Lauwereyns Jeffrey Bajramovic Jeffrey Bajramovic Bettina Bert Bettina Bert Samuel Camenzind Samuel Camenzind Joery De Kock Joery De Kock Alisa Elezović Alisa Elezović Sevilay Erden Sevilay Erden Fernando Gonzalez-Uarquin Fernando Gonzalez-Uarquin Yesim Isil Ulman Yesim Isil Ulman Orsolya Ivett Hoffmann Orsolya Ivett Hoffmann Maria Kitsara Maria Kitsara Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos Winfried Neuhaus Winfried Neuhaus Benoit Petit-Demouliere Benoit Petit-Demouliere Simone Pollo Simone Pollo Brígida Riso Brígida Riso Sophie Schober Sophie Schober Athanassia Sotiropoulos Athanassia Sotiropoulos Aurélie Thomas Aurélie Thomas Augusto Vitale Augusto Vitale Doris Wilflingseder Doris Wilflingseder Arti Ahluwalia Arti Ahluwalia Nature Portfolio 2024 Many scientific breakthroughs have depended on animal research, yet the ethical concerns surrounding the use of animals in experimentation have long prompted discussions about humane treatment and responsible scientific practice. First articulated by Russell and Burch, the 3Rs Principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement have gained widespread recognition as basic guidelines for animal research. Over time, the 3Rs have transcended the research community, influencing policy decisions, animal welfare advocacy and public perception of animal experimentation. Despite their broad acceptance, interpretations of the 3Rs vary substantially, shaping statutory frameworks at various levels, with both technical and practical impacts. PDFDocument eng 2025-01-09T15:32:31.520614Z 2024 Ethics Lab life 734904 b application/pdf application/pdf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/