https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:3607 What Amphibians Can Teach Us About the Evolution of Parental Care Ringler, Eva Eva Ringler University of Bern Schulte, Lisa M. Lisa M. Schulte Goethe University Frankfurt Rojas, Bibiana Bibiana Rojas 0000-0002-6715-7294 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna / University of Jyväskylä Stynoski, Jennifer L. Jennifer L. Stynoski Universidad de Costa Rica Annual Reviews text eng Parenting is considered a key evolutionary innovation that contributed to the diversification and expansion of vertebrates. However, we know little about how such diversity evolved. Amphibians are an ideal group in which to identify the ecological factors that have facilitated or constrained the evolution of different forms of parental care. Among, but also within, the three amphibian orders-Anura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona-there is a high level of variation in habitat use, fertilization mode, mating systems, and parental sex roles. Recent work using broad phylogenetic, experimental, and physiological approaches has helped to uncover the factors that have selected for the evolution of care and transitions between different forms of parenting. Here, we highlight the exceptional diversity of amphibian parental care, emphasize the unique opportunities this group offers for addressing key questions about the evolution of parenting, and give insights into promising novel directions of research. Reproductive Modes; Poison Frog; Oviposition Behavior; Biparental Care; Life-History; Brood Care; Egg; Salamander; Diversity; Predation http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:3607/download 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102221-050519 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:605 application/pdf Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 54, 43-62 (2023) Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 54 43 62 1.52 MB 2023