https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:3574 Pathophysiology of non-motor signs in Parkinson’s disease: some recent updating with brief presentation Radad, Khaled Khaled Radad 0000-0002-7620-8591 Assiut University Rausch, Wolf-Dieter Wolf-Dieter Rausch 0000-0003-2491-1899 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Kranner, Barbara Barbara Kranner University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Moldzio, Rudolf Rudolf Moldzio 0000-0002-1597-8402 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Krewenka, Christopher Christopher Krewenka 0000-0003-3743-6038 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Open Exploration Publishing text eng Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting 1% of the population above sixty years. It is caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) is pathologically characterizing the disease and responsible for the cardinal motor symptoms, most notably, bradykinesia, rest tremors, rigidity, and loss of postural reflexes. Non-motor signs such as olfactory deficits, cognitive impairment, sleep behavior disorders, and gastrointestinal disturbances are reflecting disturbances in the non-dopaminergic system. They precede dopaminergic neuronal degenerations by 5–10 years and are considered the main contributors to patients’ disability, particularly after the successful implementation of levodopa (L-dopa) treatment of motor symptoms. The present general review aimed to briefly update non-motor signs and their underlying pathophysiology in PD. Parkinson’s disease; non-motor signs; olfactory; depression; sleep disorders; constipation http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:3574/download 10.37349/ent.2023.00036 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:605 application/pdf Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy 3, 24-46 (2023) Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy 3 24 46 798.69 kB 2023