phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at o:3574 DOI 10.37349/ent.2023.00036 Pathophysiology of non-motor signs in Parkinson’s disease: some recent updating with brief presentation Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting 1% of the population above sixty years. It is caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) is pathologically characterizing the disease and responsible for the cardinal motor symptoms, most notably, bradykinesia, rest tremors, rigidity, and loss of postural reflexes. Non-motor signs such as olfactory deficits, cognitive impairment, sleep behavior disorders, and gastrointestinal disturbances are reflecting disturbances in the non-dopaminergic system. They precede dopaminergic neuronal degenerations by 5–10 years and are considered the main contributors to patients’ disability, particularly after the successful implementation of levodopa (L-dopa) treatment of motor symptoms. The present general review aimed to briefly update non-motor signs and their underlying pathophysiology in PD. eng Parkinson’s disease; non-motor signs; olfactory; depression; sleep disorders; constipation 2024-10-10T08:25:50.053Z LOMv1.0 Author BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Radad;Khaled; FN:Khaled Radad X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7620-8591 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Rausch;Wolf-Dieter; FN:Wolf-Dieter Rausch X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2491-1899 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Kranner;Barbara; FN:Barbara Kranner END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Moldzio;Rudolf; FN:Rudolf Moldzio X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1597-8402 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Krewenka;Christopher; FN:Christopher Krewenka X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3743-6038 END:VCARD https://w3id.org/kim/hcrt/scheme https://w3id.org/kim/hcrt/text Textdokument Text LOMv1.0 yes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 application/pdf 817858 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:3574 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:3574/thumbnail LOMv1.0 discipline