phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at o:3494 DOI 10.3390/biomedicines12071494 Evidence-Based Severity Assessment of Animal Models for Pancreatic Cancer Animal models are crucial to preclinical oncological research and drug development. Animal experiments must be performed in accordance with the 3R principles of replacement and reduction, if possible, and refinement where these procedures remain crucial. In addition, European Union legislations demand a continuous refinement approach, as well as pro- and retrospective severity assessment. In this study, an objective databased severity assessment was performed in murine models for pancreatic cancer induced by orthotopic, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection of Panc02 cells. Parameters such as body weight change, distress score, perianal temperature, mouse grimace scale, burrowing, nesting behavior, and the concentration of corticosterone in plasma and its metabolites in feces were monitored during tumor progression. The most important parameters were combined into a score and mapped against a reference data set by the Relative Severity Assessment procedure (RELSA) to obtain the maximum achieved severity for each animal (RELSAmax). This scoring revealed a significantly higher RELSAmax for the orthotopic model than for the subcutaneous and intravenous models. However, compared to animal models such as pancreatitis and bile duct ligation, the pancreatic cancer models are shown to be less severe. Data-based animal welfare assessment proved to be a valuable tool for comparing the severity of differently induced cancer models. eng Working Group; Tumor-Models; Murine Model; End-Points; Mouse; Discovery; Pain; Mice; Opportunities; Metastasis 2024-09-06T09:52:04.760Z LOMv1.0 Author BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Schreiber;Tim; FN:Tim Schreiber END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Kumstel;Simone; FN:Simone Kumstel X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6942-6294 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Vollmar;Brigitte; FN:Brigitte Vollmar END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Zechner;Dietmar; FN:Dietmar Zechner X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2075-7540 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Palme;Rupert; FN:Rupert Palme X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9466-3662 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Jaster;Robert; FN:Robert Jaster X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-4570 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Krause;Bernd; FN:Bernd Krause END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Joksch;Markus; FN:Markus Joksch END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Schildt;Anna; FN:Anna Schildt END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Hoffmann;Lisa; FN:Lisa Hoffmann END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Goldstein;Lea; FN:Lea Goldstein END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Talbot;Steven R.; FN:Steven R. Talbot X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-4065 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Koopmann;Ingo; FN:Ingo Koopmann X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0898-822X END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Brandstetter;Jakob; FN:Jakob Brandstetter END:VCARD https://w3id.org/kim/hcrt/scheme https://w3id.org/kim/hcrt/text Textdokument Text LOMv1.0 yes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 application/pdf 3691063 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:3494 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:3494/thumbnail LOMv1.0 discipline