https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:3421 The evolution and ecology of multiple antipredator defences Kikuchi, David W. David W. Kikuchi 0000-0002-7379-2788 Oregon State University / Bielefeld University Exnerová, Alice Alice Exnerová 0000-0001-7937-1477 Charles University Yeager, Justin Justin Yeager 0000-0001-8692-6311 Universidad de las Américas Winters, Anne E. Anne E. Winters University of Exeter Umbers, Kate Kate Umbers Western Sydney University Thorogood, Rose Rose Thorogood University of Helsinki Taylor, Christopher H. Christopher H. Taylor 0000-0003-4299-7104 University of Nottingham Summers, Kyle Kyle Summers East Carolina University Stefan, Amanda M. Amanda M. Stefan Carleton University Stankowich, Ted Ted Stankowich 0000-0002-6579-7765 California State University, Long Beach Smart, Hannah R. Hannah R. Smart Western Sydney University Skelhorn, John John Skelhorn Newcastle University Sherratt, Thomas N. Thomas N. Sherratt Carleton University Schaal, Kaitlin A. Kaitlin A. Schaal ETH Zurich Roy, Arlety Arlety Roy University of French Guiana Rowland, Hannah M. Hannah M. Rowland Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Rowe, Candy Candy Rowe Newcastle University Rößler, Daniela C. Daniela C. Rößler University of Konstanz / Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Rönkä, Katja H. Katja H. Rönkä University of Helsinki Rojas, Bibiana Bibiana Rojas 0000-0002-6715-7294 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna / University of Jyväskylä Reader, Tom Tom Reader University of Nottingham Raška, Jan Jan Raška 0000-0003-4768-2507 Charles University Penacchio, Olivier Olivier Penacchio University of St Andrews / Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Pekár, Stano Stano Pekár Masaryk University Pal, Arka Arka Pal Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Páez, Erika Erika Páez Université des Antilles Nawge, Viraj Viraj Nawge Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Medina, Iliana Iliana Medina 0000-0002-1021-5035 University of Melbourne McLellan, Callum F. Callum F. McLellan University of Bristol McClure, Melanie Melanie McClure University of French Guiana Lorioux-Chevalier, Ugo Ugo Lorioux-Chevalier 0009-0006-1662-8603 University of French Guiana Lindstedt, Carita Carita Lindstedt University of Helsinki Leavell, Brian C. Brian C. Leavell Purdue University Kunte, Krushnamegh Krushnamegh Kunte 0000-0002-3860-6118 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Joron, Mathieu Mathieu Joron Université de Montpellier Hossie, Thomas J. Thomas J. Hossie Trent University Herberstein, Marie E. Marie E. Herberstein Macquarie University Hämäläinen, Liisa Liisa Hämäläinen Macquarie University Elias, Marianne Marianne Elias Université des Antilles / Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Daňková, Klára Klára Daňková Charles University Cheney, Karen L. Karen L. Cheney University of Queensland Burdfield-Steel, Emily R. Emily R. Burdfield-Steel University of Amsterdam Allen, William L. William L. Allen Swansea University Arbuckle, Kevin Kevin Arbuckle 0000-0002-9171-5874 Swansea University Aubier, Thomas G. Thomas G. Aubier 0000-0001-8543-5596 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill / Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier Briolat, Emmanuelle S. Emmanuelle S. Briolat 0000-0001-5695-1065 University of Exeter Wiley text eng Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of multiple defences in a prey. However, a prey may use multiple defences to protect itself during a single predator encounter. Such "defence portfolios" that defend prey against a single instance of predation are distributed across and within successive stages of the predation sequence (encounter, detection, identification, approach (attack), subjugation and consumption). We contend that at present, our understanding of defence portfolio evolution is incomplete, and seen from the fragmentary perspective of specific sensory systems (e.g., visual) or specific types of defences (especially aposematism). In this review, we aim to build a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing the evolution of multiple prey defences, beginning with hypotheses for the evolution of multiple defences in general, and defence portfolios in particular. We then examine idealized models of resource trade-offs and functional interactions between traits, along with evidence supporting them. We find that defence portfolios are constrained by resource allocation to other aspects of life history, as well as functional incompatibilities between different defences. We also find that selection is likely to favour combinations of defences that have synergistic effects on predator behaviour and prey survival. Next, we examine specific aspects of prey ecology, genetics and development, and predator cognition that modify the predictions of current hypotheses or introduce competing hypotheses. We outline schema for gathering data on the distribution of prey defences across species and geography, determining how multiple defences are produced, and testing the proximate mechanisms by which multiple prey defences impact predator behaviour. Adopting these approaches will strengthen our understanding of multiple defensive strategies. Genetic Trade-Off; Warning Signals; Multisensory Integration; Predator Avoidance; Chemical Defenses; Body-Size; Color; Aposematism; Prey; Costs http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:3421/download 10.1111/jeb.14192 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:605 application/pdf Journal of Evolutionary Biology 36(7), 975-991 (2023) Journal of Evolutionary Biology 36 7 975 991 1.96 MB 2023