Nature Portfolio 2023 isPartOf:https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:605 The prognostic value of mitotic figures in tumor tissue is well-established for many tumor types and automating this task is of high research interest. However, especially deep learning-based methods face performance deterioration in the presence of domain shifts, which may arise from different tumor types, slide preparation and digitization devices. We introduce the MIDOG++ dataset, an extension of the MIDOG 2021 and 2022 challenge datasets. We provide region of interest images from 503 histological specimens of seven different tumor types with variable morphology with in total labels for 11,937 mitotic figures: breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, lymphosarcoma, neuroendocrine tumor, cutaneous mast cell tumor, cutaneous melanoma, and (sub)cutaneous soft tissue sarcoma. The specimens were processed in several laboratories utilizing diverse scanners. We evaluated the extent of the domain shift by using state-of-the-art approaches, observing notable differences in single-domain training. In a leave-one-domain-out setting, generalizability improved considerably. This mitotic figure dataset is the first that incorporates a wide domain shift based on different tumor types, laboratories, whole slide image scanners, and species. A comprehensive multi-domain dataset for mitotic figure detection application/pdf article Scientific Data 10(1) (2023) eng Breast-Cancer; Classification; System; Stage; Count doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02327-4 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:2258 CC BY 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Aubreville, Marc (Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt) Bertram, Christof A. (University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna) Wilm, Frauke (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) Stathonikos, Nikolas (University Medical Center Utrecht) Klopfleisch, Robert (Freie Universität Berlin) van Diest, Paul J. (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) Ammeling, Jonas (Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt) Ganz, Jonathan (Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt) Veta, Mitko (Eindhoven University of Technology) Jabari, Samir (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) Donovan, Taryn A. (Schwarzman Animal Medical Center) Breininger, Katharina (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg)