phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at o:2195 DOI 10.1098/rsos.221043 Co-migration fidelity at a stopover site increases over time in African-European migratory landbirds Migratory species are changing their timing of departure from wintering areas and arrival to breeding sites (i.e. migration phenology) in response to climate change to exploit maximum food availability at higher latitudes and improve their fitness. Despite the impact of changing migration phenology at population and community level, the extent to which individual and species-specific response affects associations among co-migrating species has been seldom explored. By applying temporal co-occurrence network models on 15 years of standardized bird ringing data at a spring stopover site, we show that African-European migratory landbirds tend to migrate in well-defined groups of species with high temporal overlap. Such 'co-migration fidelity' significantly increased over the years and was higher in long-distance (trans-Saharan) than in short-distance (North African) migrants. Our findings suggest non-random patterns of associations in co-migrating species, possibly related to the existence of regulatory mechanisms associated with changing climate conditions and different uses of stopover sites, ultimately influencing the global economy of migration of landbirds in the Palearctic-African migration system. eng Spring Migration; Climate-Change; Nocturnal Restlessness; Arrival; Consequences; Variability; Consistency; Strategies; Phenology; Quarters 2023-10-12T09:12:02.923Z LOMv1.0 Author BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Bellisario;Bruno; FN:Bruno Bellisario END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Carere;Claudio; FN:Claudio Carere X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1644-2113 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Fusani;Leonida; FN:Leonida Fusani X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8900-796X END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Cardinale;Massimiliano; FN:Massimiliano Cardinale X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1870-3882 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Maggini;Ivan; FN:Ivan Maggini X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-2288 END:VCARD https://w3id.org/kim/hcrt/scheme https://w3id.org/kim/hcrt/text Textdokument Text LOMv1.0 yes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 application/pdf 3382400 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:2195 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:2195/thumbnail LOMv1.0 discipline