https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:2082 The World of Organoids: Gastrointestinal Disease Modelling in the Age of 3R and One Health with Specific Relevance to Dogs and Cats Csukovich, Georg Georg Csukovich 0000-0001-5615-666X University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Burgener, Iwan Anton Iwan Anton Burgener 0000-0002-8516-0040 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Pratscher, Barbara Barbara Pratscher 0000-0001-5291-1365 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna MDPI text eng One Health describes the importance of considering humans, animals, and the environment in health research. One Health and the 3R concept, i.e., the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal experimentation, shape today's research more and more. The development of organoids from many different organs and animals led to the development of highly sophisticated model systems trying to replace animal experiments. Organoids may be used for disease modelling in various ways elucidating the manifold host-pathogen interactions. This review provides an overview of disease modelling approaches using organoids of different kinds with a special focus on animal organoids and gastrointestinal diseases. We also provide an outlook on how the research field of organoids might develop in the coming years and what opportunities organoids hold for in-depth disease modelling and therapeutic interventions. Stem-Cells; In-Vitro; Clostridioides-Difficile; Intestinal Organoids; Culture-Systems; Human Colon; Canine; Mouse; Liver; Establishment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:2082/download 10.3390/ani12182461 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:605 application/pdf Animals 12(18) (2022) Animals 12 18 366.33 kB 2022