<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:creator>Ramezani Gardaloud, Nasrin (University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna / Smartbow GmbH)</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Klein-Jöbstl, Daniela (University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna)</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Drillich, Marc (University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna)</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Iwersen, Michael (University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna)</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Auer, Wolfgang (Smartbow GmbH)</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Öhlschuster, Manfred (Smartbow GmbH)</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Kickinger, Florian (Smartbow GmbH)</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Steininger, Alexandra (Smartbow GmbH)</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Lidauer, Laura (Smartbow GmbH)</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Guse, Christian (University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna)</dc:creator>
  <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
  <dc:source>Animals 12(9) (2022)</dc:source>
  <dc:type xml:lang="eng">article</dc:type>
  <dc:description xml:lang="eng">Accelerometers (ACL) can identify behavioral and activity changes in calves. In the present study, we examined the association between bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and behavioral changes detected by an ear-tag based ACL system in weaned dairy calves. Accelerometer data were analyzed from 7 d before to 1 d after clinical diagnosis of BRD. All calves in the study (n = 508) were checked daily by an adapted University of Wisconsin Calf Scoring System. Calves with a score ≥ 4 and fever for at least two consecutive days were categorized as diseased (DIS). The day of clinical diagnosis of BRD was defined as d 0. The data analysis showed a significant difference in high active times between DIS and healthy control calves (CON), with CON showing more high active times on every day, except d -3. Diseased calves showed significantly more inactive times on d -4, -2, and 0, as well as longer lying times on d -5, -2, and +1. These results indicate the potential of the ACL to detect BRD prior to a clinical diagnosis in group-housed calves. Furthermore, in this study, we described the &#39;normal&#39; behavior in 428 clinically healthy weaned dairy calves obtained by the ACL system.</dc:description>
  <dc:publisher>MDPI</dc:publisher>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:date>2022</dc:date>
  <dc:title xml:lang="eng">Early Detection of Respiratory Diseases in Calves by Use of an Ear-Attached Accelerometer</dc:title>
  <dc:identifier>doi:10.3390/ani12091093</dc:identifier>
  <dc:identifier>https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:1925</dc:identifier>
  <dc:rights>CC BY 4.0 International</dc:rights>
  <dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</dc:rights>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">Dairy Heifer Calves; Technical-Note Evaluation; Feeding-Behavior; Automated Detection; Early Indicators; Mortality; Cattle; Rumination; System; Health</dc:subject>
</oai_dc:dc>