University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Isolation, Maintenance and Expansion of Adult Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells and Leukemic Stem Cells Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare, self-renewing cells that perch on top of the hematopoietic tree. The HSCs ensure the constant supply of mature blood cells in a tightly regulated process producing peripheral blood cells. Intense efforts are ongoing to optimize HSC engraftment as therapeutic strategy to treat patients suffering from hematopoietic diseases. Preclinical research paves the way by developing methods to maintain, manipulate and expand HSCs ex vivo to understand their regulation and molecular make-up. The generation of a sufficient number of transplantable HSCs is the Holy Grail for clinical therapy. Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are characterized by their acquired stem cell characteristics and are responsible for disease initiation, progression, and relapse. We summarize efforts, that have been undertaken to increase the number of long-term (LT)-HSCs and to prevent differentiation towards committed progenitors in ex vivo culture. We provide an overview and compare methods currently available to isolate, maintain and enrich HSC subsets, progenitors and LSCs and discuss their individual advantages and drawbacks. en TEXT article Acute Myeloid-Leukemia; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells; Aryl-Hydrocarbon Receptor; Ex-Vivo Expansion; Cord Blood Expansion; Bone-Marrow Niche; Regulates Self-Renewal; Retinoic Acid Receptor; In-Vitro Expansion; Lim-Homeobox Gene 2022 2022 Mayer, Isabella Maria (University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna) Doma, Eszter (University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna) Hoelbl-Kovacic, Andrea (University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna) Sexl, Veronika (University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna) MDPI