
<resource xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:datacite="http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4" xmlns="http://namespace.openaire.eu/schema/oaire/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://namespace.openaire.eu/schema/oaire/ https://www.openaire.eu/schema/repo-lit/4.0/openaire.xsd">
  
<datacite:identifier identifierType="URL">https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:1496</datacite:identifier>

  
<datacite:titles>
  
<datacite:title xml:lang="en">Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico</datacite:title>

  
</datacite:titles>

  
<datacite:creators>
  
<datacite:creator>
  
<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Penagos-Tabares, Felipe</datacite:creatorName>

  
<datacite:givenName>Felipe</datacite:givenName>

  
<datacite:familyName>Penagos-Tabares</datacite:familyName>

  
<datacite:nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="https://orcid.org/">0000-0002-4698-4741</datacite:nameIdentifier>

  
<datacite:affiliation>University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna</datacite:affiliation>

  
</datacite:creator>

  
<datacite:creator>
  
<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Zebeli, Qendrim</datacite:creatorName>

  
<datacite:givenName>Qendrim</datacite:givenName>

  
<datacite:familyName>Zebeli</datacite:familyName>

  
<datacite:nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="https://orcid.org/">0000-0001-5188-9004</datacite:nameIdentifier>

  
<datacite:affiliation>University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna</datacite:affiliation>

  
</datacite:creator>

  
<datacite:creator>
  
<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Krska, Rudolf</datacite:creatorName>

  
<datacite:givenName>Rudolf</datacite:givenName>

  
<datacite:familyName>Krska</datacite:familyName>

  
<datacite:nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="https://orcid.org/">0000-0001-6843-9755</datacite:nameIdentifier>

  
</datacite:creator>

  
<datacite:creator>
  
<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Faas, Johannes</datacite:creatorName>

  
<datacite:givenName>Johannes</datacite:givenName>

  
<datacite:familyName>Faas</datacite:familyName>

  
</datacite:creator>

  
<datacite:creator>
  
<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Orozco, Juan-David</datacite:creatorName>

  
<datacite:givenName>Juan-David</datacite:givenName>

  
<datacite:familyName>Orozco</datacite:familyName>

  
</datacite:creator>

  
<datacite:creator>
  
<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Zavala, Luis</datacite:creatorName>

  
<datacite:givenName>Luis</datacite:givenName>

  
<datacite:familyName>Zavala</datacite:familyName>

  
</datacite:creator>

  
<datacite:creator>
  
<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Castillo-Lopez, Ezequías</datacite:creatorName>

  
<datacite:givenName>Ezequías</datacite:givenName>

  
<datacite:familyName>Castillo-Lopez</datacite:familyName>

  
<datacite:nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="https://orcid.org/">0000-0002-9304-2351</datacite:nameIdentifier>

  
<datacite:affiliation>University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna</datacite:affiliation>

  
</datacite:creator>

  
<datacite:creator>
  
<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Garzón-Pérez, César</datacite:creatorName>

  
<datacite:givenName>César</datacite:givenName>

  
<datacite:familyName>Garzón-Pérez</datacite:familyName>

  
</datacite:creator>

  
<datacite:creator>
  
<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Flores-Quiroz, Samanta-Irais</datacite:creatorName>

  
<datacite:givenName>Samanta-Irais</datacite:givenName>

  
<datacite:familyName>Flores-Quiroz</datacite:familyName>

  
</datacite:creator>

  
<datacite:creator>
  
<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Artavia, Juan-Ignacio</datacite:creatorName>

  
<datacite:givenName>Juan-Ignacio</datacite:givenName>

  
<datacite:familyName>Artavia</datacite:familyName>

  
</datacite:creator>

  
<datacite:creator>
  
<datacite:creatorName nameType="Personal">Sulyok, Michael</datacite:creatorName>

  
<datacite:givenName>Michael</datacite:givenName>

  
<datacite:familyName>Sulyok</datacite:familyName>

  
<datacite:nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="https://orcid.org/">0000-0002-3302-0732</datacite:nameIdentifier>

  
</datacite:creator>

  
</datacite:creators>

  
<dc:publisher>MDPI</dc:publisher>

  
<resourceType resourceTypeGeneral="literature" uri="http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_18cf">text</resourceType>

  
<dc:language>eng</dc:language>

  
<dc:description xml:lang="en">Mycotoxins and endocrine disruptors such as phytoestrogens can affect cattle health, reproduction, and productivity. Most studies of mycotoxins in dairy feeds in Mexico and worldwide have been focused on a few (regulated) mycotoxins. In contrast, less known fungal toxins, phytoestrogens, and other metabolites have been neglected and underestimated. This study analyzed a broad spectrum (&gt;800) of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and fungal, plant, and unspecific secondary metabolites in whole-plant corn silages (WPCSs) and total mixed rations (TMRs) collected from 19 Mexican dairy farms. A validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was used. Our results revealed 125 of &gt;800 tested (potentially toxic) secondary metabolites. WPCSs/TMRs in Mexico presented ubiquitous contamination with mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and other metabolites. The average number of mycotoxins per TMR was 24, ranging from 9 to 31. Fusarium-derived secondary metabolites showed the highest frequencies, concentrations, and diversity among the detected fungal compounds. The most frequently detected mycotoxins in TMRs were zearalenone (ZEN) (100%), fumonisin B1 (FB1) (84%), and deoxynivalenol (84%). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), previously reported in Mexico, were not detected. All TMR samples tested positive for phytoestrogens. Among the investigated dietary ingredients, corn stover, sorghum silage, and concentrate proportions were the most correlated with levels of total mycotoxins, fumonisins (Fs), and ergot alkaloids, respectively.</dc:description>

  
<datacite:subjects>
  
<datacite:subject xml:lang="en">Feed Safety</datacite:subject>

  
<datacite:subject xml:lang="en">Multi-mycotoxin Analysis</datacite:subject>

  
<datacite:subject xml:lang="en">Dairy Farming</datacite:subject>

  
<datacite:subject xml:lang="en">Total Mixed Rations</datacite:subject>

  
<datacite:subject xml:lang="en">Maize Silage</datacite:subject>

  
<datacite:subject xml:lang="en">Phytoestrogens</datacite:subject>

  
<datacite:subject xml:lang="en">Co-occurrence</datacite:subject>

  
</datacite:subjects>

  
<licenseCondition uri="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</licenseCondition>

  
<file mimeType="application/pdf" objectType="fulltext">https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:1496/download</file>

  
<datacite:alternateIdentifiers>
  
<datacite:alternateIdentifier alternateIdentifierType="DOI">10.3390/toxins15020153</datacite:alternateIdentifier>

  
</datacite:alternateIdentifiers>

  
<datacite:relatedIdentifiers>
  
<datacite:relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="URL" relationType="IsPartOf">https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:605</datacite:relatedIdentifier>

  
</datacite:relatedIdentifiers>

  
<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>

  
<dc:source>Toxins 15(2) (2023)</dc:source>

  
<citationTitle>Toxins</citationTitle>

  
<citationVolume>15</citationVolume>

  
<citationIssue>2</citationIssue>

  
<datacite:sizes>
  
<datacite:size>4.67 MB</datacite:size>

  
</datacite:sizes>

  
<datacite:dates>
  
<datacite:date dateType="Issued">2023</datacite:date>

  
</datacite:dates>

  
</resource>