phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at o:1496 DOI 10.3390/toxins15020153 Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico Mycotoxins and endocrine disruptors such as phytoestrogens can affect cattle health, reproduction, and productivity. Most studies of mycotoxins in dairy feeds in Mexico and worldwide have been focused on a few (regulated) mycotoxins. In contrast, less known fungal toxins, phytoestrogens, and other metabolites have been neglected and underestimated. This study analyzed a broad spectrum (>800) of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and fungal, plant, and unspecific secondary metabolites in whole-plant corn silages (WPCSs) and total mixed rations (TMRs) collected from 19 Mexican dairy farms. A validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was used. Our results revealed 125 of >800 tested (potentially toxic) secondary metabolites. WPCSs/TMRs in Mexico presented ubiquitous contamination with mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and other metabolites. The average number of mycotoxins per TMR was 24, ranging from 9 to 31. Fusarium-derived secondary metabolites showed the highest frequencies, concentrations, and diversity among the detected fungal compounds. The most frequently detected mycotoxins in TMRs were zearalenone (ZEN) (100%), fumonisin B1 (FB1) (84%), and deoxynivalenol (84%). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), previously reported in Mexico, were not detected. All TMR samples tested positive for phytoestrogens. Among the investigated dietary ingredients, corn stover, sorghum silage, and concentrate proportions were the most correlated with levels of total mycotoxins, fumonisins (Fs), and ergot alkaloids, respectively. eng Feed Safety Multi-mycotoxin Analysis Dairy Farming Total Mixed Rations Maize Silage Phytoestrogens Co-occurrence 2023-04-13T12:26:54.597Z LOMv1.0 Author BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Penagos-Tabares;Felipe; FN:Felipe Penagos-Tabares X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-4741 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Zebeli;Qendrim; FN:Qendrim Zebeli X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5188-9004 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Krska;Rudolf; FN:Rudolf Krska X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6843-9755 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Faas;Johannes; FN:Johannes Faas END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Orozco;Juan-David; FN:Juan-David Orozco END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Zavala;Luis; FN:Luis Zavala END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Castillo-Lopez;Ezequías; FN:Ezequías Castillo-Lopez X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9304-2351 END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Garzón-Pérez;César; FN:César Garzón-Pérez END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Flores-Quiroz;Samanta-Irais; FN:Samanta-Irais Flores-Quiroz END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Artavia;Juan-Ignacio; FN:Juan-Ignacio Artavia END:VCARD BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:3.0 N:Sulyok;Michael; FN:Michael Sulyok X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3302-0732 END:VCARD https://w3id.org/kim/hcrt/scheme https://w3id.org/kim/hcrt/text Textdokument Text LOMv1.0 yes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 application/pdf 4896579 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/o:1496 https://phaidra.vetmeduni.ac.at/api/object/o:1496/thumbnail LOMv1.0 discipline